Search Results

Active & Previously Approved Stuttering Research Studies The National Stuttering Association (NSA) reviews and approves stuttering-related research studies to help ensure ethical standards, transparency, and respect for people who stutter. This page includes a regularly updated list of active stuttering research studies currently recruiting participants, as well as previously approved studies whose approval periods have concluded. Inclusion on this list indicates that a study has been reviewed by the NSA Research Committee. It does not imply endorsement of specific findings or outcomes. Active Stuttering Research Studies (Currently approved and recruiting participants) Research Title Researcher(s) Expires OratorSync: Exploring the Types, Causes, and Treatments of Stuttering while Developing and Testing AI Tools to Help Mitigate it Ojas Desai ( High School Scholar ) 12/21/26 Relationship Between Stuttering and Intimate Partner Violence Leah Mumpower 03/08/2027 Coping Flexibility and Psychosocial Well-being of Adults Who Stutter Sadaf Salehi 02/22/2027 Hot and Cool Executive Function of Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter Matt Hopper 02/17/2027 Career Advice Reported by People Who Stutter Samiksha Gaur 02/17/2027 Self-help for stuttering: More than mutual aid Molly Stevenson 02/17/2027 Stuttering and Sleep: Does it Matter? Kenzie Beard 02/17/2027 Neural and Behavioral Error Responses in Adults who Stutter Shogo Honda 02/17/2027 Exploring Adults’ Lived Experiences of Stuttering Through a Trauma-Informed Lens Dr. Naomi Rodgers 02/17/2027 Network Connectivity and Temporal Processing in Adolescents Who Stutter Dr. Shanley Treleaven 2/23/2026 Audiovisual Integration in People Who Stutter Dr. David Jenson 6/22/2026 Systematic client feedback in speech-language treatment Dr. Kerry Ebert 6/5/2026 Development of authentic avatars for clinical education in stuttering Dr. Shelley Brundage 6/5/2026 Social Anxiety, Worry, and the Experience of Stuttering Dr. Seth Tichenor 6/5/2026 Genetic and metabolic bases of developmental stuttering Dr. Joan Orpella 6/22/2026 Linguistic preferences in adults who stutter Dr. Mahmoud Elsherif 10/16/2026 Fluency and Flow Study Dr. Jeanne Nakamura 12/31/2026 If you have any questions about the research process or would like to know more about a specific project, please contact the NSARC Chair Angela Medina, Ph.D., CCC-SLP . Previously Approved Recruitment Projects (2022–2025) (Approval period has ended) Research Title Researcher(s) Approved Until Listener Perception and Childhood Stuttering Haley Warner 5/01/2025 Quantifying Variability in Stuttering in the Real World Dr. J. Scott Yaruss 6/14/2025 Social Network Analysis in Adults Who Stutter Dr. Naomi Rodgers 6/14/2025 Impact of Support Group Conferences on Teens Joy Kling 6/16/2025 AI Accessibility for People Who Stutter Dr. J. Scott Yaruss 6/17/2025 Parent Survey: Preschoolers Who Stutter Ryan Millager 10/22/2025 Real-Time Listener Reactions & Stuttering Courtney Margulis 10/22/2025 Sequencing & Initiation in Speech Production Dr. Frank Guenther 10/22/2025 Hope, Humor & Self-Stigma in Adults Who Stutter Dr. Laura Plexico 10/22/2025 Stuttering Mindsets Megan Arney 10/28/2025 An online compassionate imagery intervention for people who stutter/stammer: A feasibility study Benjamin Farmer 9/30/2025 Rhythm Production and Processing in Children and Adults Who Stutter Janina Boecher 10/22/2024 Exploring Sensorimotor and Interoceptive Awareness in Stuttering Hazel Malcolm 10/22/2024 Multiple Stigmas, Social Identities, and Stuttering Dr. James Mancinelli 10/22/2024 Temporal Processing in Adults Who Stutter Samira Anderson 10/22/2024 Parents of Individuals Who Stutter: Experiences & Stages of Change Sadaf Salehi 10/22/2024 Acknowledging Stuttering with Preschoolers Dr. Cara Singer 10/22/2024 Social Isolation and the Experience of Stuttering Seth Tichenor 10/22/2024 Transitions to Life After High School Dr. Naomi Rodgers 06/22/2024 Migrants to the U.S. Who Stutter Dr. Victoria Reynolds 06/20/2024 Effectiveness of a Mindfulness App Juhee Kim 06/20/2024 Variability in Fluency and Psychological Impact Eddie Brown 06/19/2024 Trait Mindfulness and the Experience of Stuttering Megan Arney 06/19/2024 Anticipation of Stuttering and the PAiS Robert Bies 02/22/2024 Understanding the Experience of Stuttering and Cluttering Dr. J. Scott Yaruss 06/14/2024 Neural Oscillations and Speech Perception in Stuttering Dr. Shanley Treleaven 06/20/2024 What Do People Who Stutter Want From Speech Therapy?   Matthew Phillips 07/24/2024   Linguistic and Cognitive Factors in Stuttering Dr. Zoi Gkalitsiou 02/22/2024 Spanish-Language Support Group Study Dr. Angela Medina 02/14/2024 For any questions about research, or to learn more about specific projects, please contact the NSARC Chair Angela Medina, Ph.D., CCC-SLP .

For most people, public speaking is usually pretty nerve-wracking. You start to feel uncomfortable at the thought of being judged. But imagine telling jokes for a living as a person who stutters (PWS). Comedy and stuttering might seem like an unlikely pairing, but some amazing comedians have demonstrated that humor and speech diversity can flourish together.  Here’s a closer look at how comedians who stutter not only find humor in human expression but also challenge the stigma around stuttering while connecting with their audiences on a whole new level. Stuttering on Stage: Breaking the Ice Comedy thrives on timing, rhythm, and that unexpected twist. Stuttering might seem like an obstacle to a punchline, but in the hands of a skilled comedian, it becomes part of the act itself. For many comedians who stutter, embracing their speech difference on stage opens up fresh, original material. They’re not only telling jokes - they’re sharing something vulnerable and refreshing. After Drew Lynch  suffered an injury that triggered his stutter as a young adult, it didn’t shy Drew away from the spotlight. He made it to the finals on “America’s Got Talent,” turning his stutter into a comedic superpower.  “I feel like a sideshow. I feel like for so long my career has been about 'the way' I'm saying something—not 'the things I'm saying.' Which, on a human level, can really invalidate all efforts to communicate. My career started because I made jokes about what was obviously there. But I think stuttering has taught me that people are quick to reduce you to what they hear or see... Only things they're experiencing on a surface level. When really, we're just trying to communicate that we're so much more than that. And that's why the power stuttering had over me could only be relinquished when I accepted that their perception is out of my control. And therefore not my responsibility.”   — Drew Lynch, PWS and comedian When she was 22, Dallas-native Avy Taylor entered a pageant and, to prepare for the public speaking portion, decided to take a comedy class. What started as public speaking practice quickly turned into a love of making people laugh and making them happy. “I remember a time early on when I first started doing stand-up. I was still very nervous and just trying to survive my set. In the middle of my performance haze, I heard someone in the audience say, “What does she mean?” and it completely snapped me out of it. I realized I was speaking over everyone’s head, instead of interacting and engaging with the audience. That moment made me realize I was talking at people instead of with them. I was so focused on getting the words out that I wasn’t actually connecting. I learned that communication is a two-way street. People want to understand you. You can’t just speak at people and hope it lands. Even if you’re scared, you have to take the time to give people the opportunity to understand you.” — Avy Taylor, PWS and comedian Joze Piranian was afraid to speak for 25 years. Today, he shares his story with organizations such as the FBI, Meta, Google, and Netflix through motivational speaking or stand-up comedy. He also delivered a keynote titled ‘Can Stuttering and Confidence Co-Exist?' that impressed NSA conference attendees in 2023. “I would say that some of my stand-up material is about stuttering, and some of it is not. I think that if I do a short set, like a very brief one at a comedy club, all my jokes might end up being about stuttering. On the other hand, if I perform a longer set, like 30 or 45 minutes, then at least half of my material will likely cover a variety of topics, such as Hawaiian pizza or Pablo Escobar. I believe that the more experiences one has in life, the more sources of comedic material tend to emerge. Even if my comedy evolves with new experiences, I do think stuttering would remain at the core of my performance. The main reason I got into comedy was to change how I felt about being different. It was to address a deep insecurity. So, it's not that I became a stand-up comedian despite stuttering. I became one because of stuttering, or some might say, thanks to it. And that's an important distinction.” — Joze Piranian, PWS and comedian Spotlight: Voices That Break the Mold Aidan Greene  is Ireland’s most popular stuttering comedian, with his performances blending vulnerability and wit. On stage, Aidan transforms his stutter into a well-delivered comedic performance—using pauses and repetitions as unexpected punchlines. Off stage, he’s a proud stuttering advocate, reminding audiences that a stutter doesn’t dull the shine of a good story. Nina G  dubs herself as “The San Francisco Bay Area’s Only Female Stuttering Comedian”—a title she’s earned through years of carving out her place in the world of stand-up. When she started nearly a decade ago, she was the only woman with a stutter on the circuit. That’s no small feat in the male-dominated field of comedy, where stuttering itself is often misunderstood, laughed at, or sidelined. Laughing With, Not At There’s a difference between laughing at  something and laughing with  it. These comedians are reclaiming the narrative. They decide how to talk about their speech—often weaving their experiences into jokes that highlight the quirks and joys of everyday communication. In interviews, Drew often emphasizes that his stutter doesn’t define him. Aidan uses his voice to help destigmatize stuttering. Nina uses humor to push back against social norms around speech. In doing so, they remind us that comedy is more than just perfection; it’s finding one's place on the mic. “Stuttering changed me for the better because it taught me to have compassion while listening. Some people might take a little more time to communicate their thoughts, but that doesn't make it any less valid. It took me experiencing mistreatment in that regard first hand to have grace for both the person struggling to speak, and the person struggling to listen—because I've been both.” — Drew Lynch Avy encourages listeners to be patient with PWS:  “We are working our darn hardest to get the words out, so please don’t look away. I was talking to a girl recently and I was stuttering. Instead of getting awkward, she stayed with me. She kept eye contact, nodded along, and smiled while I worked through my speech block. Patience, eye contact, and a smile go a long way for someone who is stuttering.” — Avy Taylor Joze Piranian defends himself against the trolls who mock him with his iconic wit: “Since I do acknowledge my stutter right away, people usually get with the program and accept it, like "okay, we’re with him on this journey through the space-time continuum." However, I’ll be performing at a comedy club and hear someone laugh during the setup. That’s when I’m stuttering in the premise of the joke, and they laugh instead of waiting until the punchline. When that happens, I always acknowledge it. So, if I'm starting a joke and I hear someone laugh right after I get stuck on a word, I might think it’s just random at first. But if it happens again and they laugh each time I get stuck, I realize it’s becoming a pattern. Sometimes I'll ask, "Wait, are you still laughing at my previous punchline?" and then I'll say, "Look, I cannot go any slower than this, so you have to keep up," and I will acknowledge it in a way that makes it clear to the audience that I am aware of what’s happening.” — Joze Piranian Mainstream Comedy as Stuttering Advocacy When comedians talk openly about their stuttering, they set the example that stuttering is simply a human expression. They show audiences that stuttering isn’t something to be ashamed of or hidden—it’s one part of life; how we talk. “The biggest misconception in my experience with stuttering as a comedian is that I'm terrified to stutter. I used to make many jokes about my stutter, which helped me stay in control if I did... but now, even with years of rehabilitation, when I think I've got a handle on it, it shows up. I try to surrender to the idea that I'm never fully in control, which takes some pressure off of ‘expectation.’ In the event that I stutter on stage, I'm never frustrated. I try to be comfortable showing the authentic part of me that says, 'Hey, I'm okay with this detour right now because I'm okay being human.' I'm okay with you seeing me at my best, and I'm okay with you seeing me be vulnerable—because when I'm vulnerable is when I'm at my best.” — Drew Lynch When Avy first started in the comedy scene, she said she thought she had to hide her stutter to be successful. She said in reality, the audience wants to connect with a real person. People attend comedy shows to escape from the polished version of life that everyone is expected to portray.  And she encourages PWS to be brave: “You’ll be successful in comedy—heck, even in life—when you own everything that makes you different. The world needs to hear our voices. Don’t wait for permission to take up space. Be brave and refuse to shrink yourself. Stay persistent and keep making your voice heard. The world will change when we show up, speak up, and redefine what it means to be someone who stutters.” — Avy Taylor Joze’s global success as a comedian demonstrates that stuttering can be recognized across different languages, cultures, and continents: “On one hand, stuttering is universal. It can exist in every community, in every country, in every culture, in every language. And in that sense, there will always be at least a minimal understanding of stuttering among humans. So in that sense, when a comedian starts to stutter, no one is completely dazzled or astonished by the concept of someone getting stuck on their words, which helps. So the fact that it is a universal experience that exists cross-culturally means jokes that work in one language or in one country involving stuttering will typically work in another. At least that's what I have found in other countries and languages, too.” — Joze Piranian, PWS and comedian A Final Laugh—and a Challenge Next time you’re at a comedy show or scrolling through stand-up clips online, listen for the unexpected. Listen for the pause, the repetition, the realness that comes from a comedian who stutters. You might just find that the best punchlines are the ones that come with a little extra pause. Learn more about stuttering.

By Michele Murphy My now 17-year old son, Kevin, started stuttering around the time he began talking at age 3. His older brother, Sean, was around 4-1/2 years of age at the time, and was a model of fluency and advanced articulation skills. So when our pediatrician told us that Kevin’s delayed speech was because his brother spoke for him and he didn’t need to talk, that made sense. And when the pediatrician said that Kevin would grow out of his stuttering, that made sense too. So in those critical years from 3 to 7 years of age, we did nothing but listen to the ill-informed, ill-advised and patently wrong advice of our well-intentioned but stuttering-ignorant pediatrician. Our next big mistake in dealing with Kevin’s stuttering was in taking adequate comfort from the fact that he was seeing various elementary school speech therapists. We naively thought that every school speech therapist would know whatever was needed to effectively deal with speech disorders such as stuttering. The next blunder actually led us towards a path that has been most successful for Kevin. By age 12, it was apparent that Kevin wasn’t going to outgrow stuttering, and the school speech therapy was not helping. So when we heard about an experimental fluency technique using a bio feedback device we jumped at it and brought Kevin for a tryout. I remember my airflow cutting off when the speech pathologist conducting the trial run said that Kevin was one of the few persons that did not experience any greater fluency while using the device. It came as an even greater blow when he stated that Kevin was one of the most severe stutterers he had ever seen. That was one of the lowest points of my life. I was wracked with guilt (I must have somehow caused this awful disorder) and despair (what kind of life would Kevin have ahead of him if he couldn’t even express himself). In closing, the therapist suggested we contact Temple University in Philadelphia, where the speech-language pathology department had significant experience dealing with stuttering. When we took Kevin to Temple for a consultation, it was the first time I really came to terms with the severity of his stuttering. I sat behind a one-way mirror and watched in horror as my son blocked severely on almost every word. The tears that I had been holding back for years came cascading over my eyelashes. There was some good news, however. The speech therapist who interviewed Kevin was really impressed by Kevin’s self esteem and sense of humor in the face of his severe stuttering. They strongly recommended private speech therapy with a speech pathologist experienced in dealing with stutterers. Kevin soon began weekly speech therapy sessions with a well known speech pathologist who specializes in stuttering. Kevin gained a lot of fluency in the therapy sessions, but even more important, he started on the path towards becoming an expert on his own stuttering, and really connected with his therapist on an interpersonal level. Two years later, we moved to Utah. Within months, Kevin had lost what fluency he had gained and was at an all-time high level of disfluency. That’s when I heard a radio advertisement for the National Stuttering Project, the nation’s largest support organization for people who stutter. After a phone call to the NSP’s (now NSA) national office, Kevin and I signed up for the NSP’s Annual Convention in Denver that year. What happened at that first convention is almost impossible to put into words. Suffice it to say that Kevin and I both experienced a turning point in our lives. I was able to shed the guilt that I had somehow caused Kevin’s stuttering, and accept the realization that neither could I “fix” it. I became part of a support group of other parents of children who stutter that has been a lifeline to me ever since. And I started my journey to becoming educated on the subject of stuttering. With more than 400 people who stutter in attendance, Kevin truly came to know and understand that he is not alone in dealing with his stuttering. He also continued his journey of gaining the education necessary to become an expert in his stuttering. Most importantly, Kevin began friendships with renowned speech pathologists, adults who stutter and youth who stutter that are his lifeline. At that first NSP convention, we also met a speech-language pathologist from Utah who specializes in stuttering. Kevin has been in treatment with him for several years and has profited enormously. Kevin also attended the Successful Stuttering Management Program (SSMP), a three-week intensive stuttering program, two summers ago. We also have remained active in the NSP, and in three years Kevin hasn’t missed a single local NSP meeting or national convention. This combination of appropriate speech therapy, participation in the NSP and an intensive speech therapy program such as the SSMP has placed and kept Kevin on the best possible course for dealing effectively with his stuttering. Yes, Kevin still stutters, sometimes even severely, but he has tools that enable him to communicate better and he does not carry the psychological burden that often accompanies stuttering. In short, his pain and mine over his stuttering are gone. In its place is knowledge, understanding, acceptance and a family of NSP members who love and support us. In hindsight, what would I have done differently? I would have educated myself about stuttering as soon as Kevin began to experience it. There are many sources of information, especially on the web, including the NSP and the Stuttering Foundation of America’s web sites. Next, at the age of three, and for as long as necessary, I would have arranged private speech therapy for Kevin from a speech-language pathologist with successful experience in treating children who stutter. If we continued with school speech therapists, I would have worked to get Kevin the same type of appropriate speech therapy through the school system. Finally, I would have had Kevin participate in the NSP at an earlier age. Knowing what I know now, if that had been done, Kevin might truly have “grown out of stuttering” as wrongly predicted by his pediatrician, because of the proven success of early intervention. We do not spend a lot of time regretting that we did not act sooner, however. Kevin is wise, loving and compassionate beyond his years: in part because of his stuttering and not in spite of it. The adversity that he has experienced has helped him to grow in so many beautiful ways. What’s important, for anyone who stutters, is to get the kind of help Kevin got regardless of age. Early intervention is best, but it is never too late! … MICHELE MURPHY IS AN NSA MEMBER AND AN ATTORNEY IN SALT LAKE CITY UTAH. THIS PIECE FIRST APPEARED IN ADVANCE FOR SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGISTS.

Acquired Stuttering  – is a broad term that refers to non-developmental stuttering and is interchanged with other terms such as “adult onset stuttering”, “neurogenic stuttering”, and “psychogenic stuttering”. Advertising  – (also known as ‘disclosing’) stuttering refers to being open about the subject of stuttering; letting other people know from the start of a conversation that you are a person who stutters. Self-advertising can be an empowering strategy for people to use, especially covert stutterers, so they do not feel the pressing need to hide their stuttering. It can also reduce or eliminate avoidance and secondary stuttering behaviors. Through self-advertising, people can realize that it acceptable to stutter in front of others and that one does not need to have flawless speech to be an effective communicator.  See Disclosing. Block  – when vocalizing stops before or during a sound or word Bullying  – When words or deeds are used to hurt someone or cause harm. Bullies try to make the person they are bullying feel afraid, rejected, or hurt. (This is contrasted with Teasing which is what we have all experienced and enjoyed as harmless “ribbing” from our family and friends; a way to show love or good feelings toward others. Teasing is having fun. Unlike bullying, it is not meant to control or harm anyone). Cluttering  – a type of fluency disorder that can coincide with stuttering or occur by itself. Cluttered speech may include rapid and/or irregular speech rate, atypical pauses, excessive linguistic nonfluencies, decreased awareness of one’s intelligibility, collapsing or omitting syllables, and language issues in general. Covert Stuttering – Covert stuttering is a strategy employed by a person who stutters to hide an otherwise overt, audible stutter. A covert stutterer may use word substitutions, circumlocution, and avoid certain words and situations which may trigger stuttering. People who are covert stutterers may go to great lengths to conceal their stuttering from others. Desensitization  – A process through which people can successfully overcome their fears, as well as other negative emotions such as shame or guilt, by gradually experiencing them in a supportive environment following a systematic, controlled hierarchy. Developmental Stuttering – occurs in young children who are still acquiring speech and language skills. Most scientists and clinicians believe that developmental stuttering stems from complex interactions of multiple factors including neurophysiological differences and genetics. Disclosing – (also known as ‘advertising’) stuttering refers to being open about the subject of stuttering; letting other people know from the start of a conversation that you are a person who stutters. Self-advertising can be an empowering strategy for people to use, especially covert stutterers, so they do not feel the pressing need to hide their stuttering. It can also reduce or eliminate avoidance and secondary stuttering behaviors. Through self-advertising, people can realize that it acceptable to stutter in front of others and that one does not need to have flawless speech to be an effective communicator.  See Advertising . Dysfluency  – the interruption in the smooth flow of speech, such as a pause or repetition of a word or part of a word. Evaluation  – Certified speech-language pathologists (SLPs) perform evaluations, or formal assessments, to determine whether an individual has a speech or language disruption. During a typical evaluation for a child, the SLP obtains a case history from the parents and observes/interacts with the child. Standardized tests are administered and informal observational assessments are conducted for both children and adults to determine a proper diagnosis. In a stuttering evaluation, the SLP may ask the clients about their family history, the stuttering history, how stuttering affects their daily lives, how they perceive their stuttering and their personal goals for treatment. This information is used to determine what kind of dysfluencies the person demonstrates, whether there are any complicating factors, the prognosis for improvement and possible goals for therapy. Fluency Shaping – a behavioral speech therapy approach that aims to alter clients’ breathing, speech rate, voice production, and articulation to elicit fluent speech. Visit ASHA’s website to learn more about speech therapy. IDEA  – Individuals with Disabilities Education Act – A federal law that ensures services to children with disabilities (please see idea.ed.gov ). IEP  – Individualized Education Plan- As mandated by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), an IEP is designed to meet the needs of a child who has a disability or special learning need. Children between the ages of three and 21 with speech/language disruption who are in the public schools can receive evaluation and intervention services free of charge. If a child qualifies for speech-language services through the school district, the IEP team identifies the needs of the student, what services will meet those needs, and the individual speech and/or language goals. Parents work with teachers and SLPs to develop the student’s IEP, including goals and procedures for achieving them. Intersectionality – Refers to how a person’s experience of stuttering is influenced by factors such as race, gender, class, and disability. Acknowledging intersectionality helps us understand the diverse experiences of people who stutter and promotes inclusivity and equity. Person Who Stutters (PWS) vs. Stutterer – The terms “person who stutters” (PWS) and “stutterer” both refer to individuals who experience stuttering, but they carry different connotations. “Person who stutters” is a person-first language, which emphasizes the individual before their condition. It is a way of acknowledging that stuttering is just one aspect of the person’s identity and that it does not define them completely. On the other hand, “stutterer” is an identity-first language, which places the condition before the person. While some people who stutter may choose to identify as a stutterer, it is important to note that not all people who stutter prefer this term. It is important to respect individuals’ preferences when it comes to the language used to describe their experiences with stuttering. Some may prefer person-first language while others may prefer identity-first language. It is recommended to ask the individual how they prefer to be referred to. Prolongation  – the involuntary lengthening of airflow or speech. Recovery  – generally, refers to returning to a normal health condition or normal state. Research suggests that around 80% of children who start to stutter naturally recover from stuttering. Repetition  – the involuntary repeating of a sound, word or part of a word. Self-help Support  – people with, or affected by, a common need or condition working to help others with the same condition, often in an informal manner with the goal of bringing about personal or social change Standardized  – Any measure that is given in the same way to all people who take it. For example, standardized tests are administered using a protocol that must be strictly followed. If the protocol is not followed, the results of the test may be invalid. Sometimes referred to as “formal” measures. Stuttering Modification  – The goal of stuttering modification therapy is not to eliminate stuttering, but rather to modify the moments of stuttering so the disfluencies are less severe. Other objectives of stuttering modification therapy include reducing the fear of stuttering and eliminating avoidance behaviors. Stuttering modification therapy often includes identifying core and secondary stuttering behaviors, learning desensitization techniques, and specific stuttering modification techniques such as stopping in the middle of a stutter (cancellations), pulling out of a stutter and transitioning into smooth, fluent speech (pull-outs) and using easy stuttering on words which the speaker may anticipate stuttering (prepatory sets). Visit ASHA’s website to learn more about speech therapy. Stuttering  – A frequently misused and misunderstood word that means many different things to different people. Primarily, it can refer to observable behaviors (e.g., “stuttered speech”) or it can refer to the stuttering, which comprises both the observable behaviors as well as a variety of “under the surface” features including fear, avoidance, attitudes, beliefs, etc., that are experienced by the person who stutters but are not seen by the listener. Many people confuse the two uses of the term. Secondary Characteristics (secondaries)  – In addition to speech dysfluency (word, sound or syllable repetitions, prolongations and blocks), many people who stutter exhibit secondary symptoms unrelated to speech production. Some secondary characteristics or “secondaries” include eye blinking, facial tension, lip tremors, head jerks or other unusual body movements. Secondary characteristics also include avoiding feared words, interjecting starter words (such as “um” or “you know”) or switching words midsentence. Edited by Angela Medina, PhD, CCC-SLP and Courtney Margulis, MA, CCC-SLP (5/2023)

Olga Bednarski Editor’s note: The National Stuttering Association (NSA) does not endorse or promote specific therapy programs, treatments, or approaches that claim to eliminate or “overcome” stuttering. We share personal stories to highlight individual experiences that may not reflect those of all people who stutter. Fifteen years ago, when I began my journey to freedom, I was searching for answers. I wanted to understand why my speech and anxiety fluctuated so much. In some situations, and with certain people, I could speak freely—fluid, expressive, open. Yet with others, I would tense up completely. My jaw would tighten, my breath would vanish, and my mind would fog over. I would tiptoe through conversations as if walking on eggshells, terrified of breaking something invisible. My voice would collapse into silence. Afterward, I’d feel frustrated, ashamed, and confused. At the time, I didn’t call it “stuttering.” That word wasn’t even part of my vocabulary. I simply thought I was painfully shy. But even that didn’t feel right—because deep down I was temperamental, expressive, even fiery at times. How could I be shy and bold at once? I convinced myself that if I could just become confident, my speech would “straighten out.” So, I joined the Maguire Programme after hearing about it from people at the Liverpool Speakers Club—the first place I’d gone to “beat my shyness.” The course was held in a hotel in Dundee, Scotland. On the first evening, I walked into a room full of strangers and was told to introduce myself. Public speaking. Again. My whole body froze. My breath was shallow, my mind blank. I filled my lungs with air, but when I tried to say my name, I hit a complete, silent block. My face turned crimson. People could see the effort, but no one could see how fragmented I felt inside—as if the connection between my thoughts and my voice had been cut off. And yet, somehow, I survived. Later, when I spoke to people one-on-one, my speech was suddenly free. I laughed. I shared stories. My anxiety subsided. I felt human again. Over the next few days, we practiced costal breathing and went out for “contacts”—approaching strangers to speak and face our fears. I remember my first one vividly. We went into a bar, and I had to tell the barman my name and explain what we were doing. My coach, Sid Jeffries, stood beside me with quiet encouragement. I tried to say my name. The first letter stuck. My head bobbed, my thoughts scattered, and embarrassment flooded me like a slow wave. But I finished. I spoke. The ordeal was over.  Then the next contact. And the next. By the 10th, 20th, 40th encounter, something incredible began to happen: The fear dissolved. My presence deepened. My speech flowed. I was no longer fighting for words—I was with them. Every conversation became an act of presence. I looked people softly in the eyes. I smiled. My body was relaxed and calm. My breathing was full. I wasn’t trying to speak fluently; I was connected. That day, I felt something I couldn’t name at the time—a return to myself. It wasn’t the technique that set me free. It was the connection. It was the countless small moments of contact—no matter how fleeting they might have been—that made me feel safe enough to drop my guard. The breathing, the technique, the exposure, the repetition… they were all just doorways to something much deeper: a sense of belonging. When I felt safe, I relaxed. When I relaxed, I connected. When I connected, I spoke. It was that simple—and that profound. Over the years, I’ve come to see this clearly: the essence of speech anxiety (and perhaps of most mental struggles) is disconnection. Disconnection from our feelings, from ourselves, from our bodies, from other people, from life itself. We learn to suppress, deny, and resist our feelings to protect ourselves. But in doing so, we isolate ourselves—from the very connection that could make us whole. As A.H. Almaas wrote: “Liberation is really nothing but the personality becoming free in the moment. The personality loses its grip, lets itself just relax.” When we reconnect with ourselves, with others, with the present moment, our nervous system calms. We feel safe. The tension unravels. The personality relaxes its grip. And in that state, speech begins to flow again—naturally, effortlessly—because we are no longer speaking from fear, but from connection. It is not the techniques that heal us, but the people who hold space for us. The ones we laugh with, cry with, stumble with. Warmth, presence, and shared experience— these  are the real medicine. We live in a world that celebrates independence, but healing happens in relationships. The more we reach out, the safer we feel. The more we allow ourselves to be seen, the more we return to our natural state of flow. When we restore connection, we restore wholeness. And that, I believe, is the true essence of healing—not just from speech anxiety, but from the deep loneliness of disconnection itself. Because in the end, it’s not about speaking perfectly. It ’s about speaking connectedly. It ’s about being here—present and open. And that is where freedom begins.

Supporting early-career researchers can shape the future of an entire field. For speech-language pathologist (SLP) and researcher Dr. Robyn Croft Albaum, PhD, CCC-SLP, receiving support through the National Stuttering Association Research Fund Award (NSARFA) helped launch research that continues to influence how clinicians and researchers think about well-being and stuttering. “This support allowed me to recruit a sufficient number of adults who stutter for my pilot study, which explored the effectiveness of an online self-compassion intervention for improving quality of life,” said Dr. Croft Albaum.  A Doctoral Research Project Focused on Self-Compassion When Dr. Croft Albaum received the NSARFA in 2020, she was in the early stages of her doctoral training. Her research focused on an emerging concept in stuttering research: the role of self-compassion and psychological well-being for adults who stutter. At the time, the idea of delivering these types of interventions online was still relatively new, making the project both innovative and timely. “I was a second-year doctoral student at The University of Texas at Austin studying under the mentorship of Dr. Courtney Byrd,” she said.  Turning Early Research Into Published Work What began as a pilot project quickly developed into meaningful contributions to the field. Through her research, Dr. Croft Albaum examined how psychosocial approaches—such as self-compassion interventions—might help improve quality of life for adults who stutter alongside traditional clinical approaches. “This work has been published in the International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and presented at national and international conferences, including the ASHA convention and the WSCO Conference,” Dr. Croft Albaum said.  Key Milestones After the National Stuttering Association Research Fund Award Since completing her fellowship-supported research, Dr. Croft Albaum has continued building an impressive academic and professional record. Her work has expanded into broader investigations of the psychological experiences of people who stutter and how those experiences influence communication and well-being. From Researcher to Global Leader in Stuttering Education Today, Dr. Croft Albaum plays a key role in advancing both research and clinical training in the field of stuttering. Her work focuses on translating evidence-based research into real-world clinical practices that directly benefit people who stutter. “I work at the Arthur M. Blank Center for Stuttering Education and Research at The University of Texas at Austin,” she said. “As a speech-language pathologist and the Assistant Director of Global Research, I help translate research into practice by implementing evidence-based practices in the clinical setting with persons who stutter, training undergraduate and graduate students, and collaborating with individuals worldwide to advance research and clinical training opportunities.” Improving Quality of Life for People Who Stutter Ultimately, Dr. Croft Albaum’s work reflects a broader mission within the stuttering community: improving the lives of people who stutter not only through clinical intervention but also through research, education, and global collaboration. “My current work aims to improve the quality of life for persons who stutter through clinical practice, training of undergraduate and graduate students, and research,” Dr. Croft Albaum said.  To learn more about NSA-approved research studies, visit WeStutter.org/post/approved-stuttering-research .

When Ryan Millager, PhD, CCC-SLP, received the National Stuttering Association’s (NSA) Graduate Student Research Award (GSRA) in 2022, he was just over two years into his PhD program at Vanderbilt University. His research focused on young children who stutter and their interactions with their parents, and he originally had modest expectations for the project. “ I originally planned for the GSRA to cover a small pilot study ,” Dr. Millager said. “ But that pilot study was a huge success and turned into my dissertation project. ” That turning point shaped everything that followed. The GSRA funding supported both his data collection and travel to present his findings at conferences. Those opportunities opened doors beyond the research itself. In 2024, Dr. Millager used award funds to travel to Seattle for a conference experience that would shift his career trajectory. “ The conversations I had with other researchers there inspired me to start my job search early ,” Dr. Millager said, “ which led directly to me getting a dream job this year! ”  Since completing the project, Dr. Millager has defended his dissertation and accepted a position as an Assistant Professor at Rush University. He has presented his GSRA-related research at conferences in Austin, Seattle, Nashville, and Oxford, UK, with additional presentations planned in Washington, DC, and Chicago. Journal publications are also in progress. At Rush, Dr. Millager will continue building on the research the GSRA helped launch. His role will include expanding studies that increase support for children who stutter and their parents, teaching master’s students training to become speech-language pathologists, and developing clinical services to support people who stutter in the Chicago area. His work remains grounded in community impact. His research aims to strengthen support systems for children who stutter and their families, and his clinical teaching emphasizes the importance of listening to and centering the lived experiences of people who stutter. Dr. Millager’s journey shows how one investment in graduate research can grow into something far larger than a single study. It can shape a dissertation, launch a career, build services, strengthen the field, and, most importantly, expand meaningful support for people who stutter and their families.  “ Thank you to the NSA for directly funding my research ,” Dr. Millager said. “ I am particularly proud to have my dissertation funded by the NSA, an organization that first taught me about stuttering allyship. ” Learn more about the GSRA

Eldon Solomon, Mandy Rodstorm, Doug Harris Every person who stutters knows that no two speaking days are the same. Some days, speech flows easily. Other days, words feel heavier, tension builds quickly, and even a short sentence can feel like a ton of work. What’s often missing from conversations about stuttering is this truth: not every difficult speaking moment comes from the same place. What looks like a “bad speech day” may stem from one of three experiences: Natural variability in stuttering Social anxiety shaped by fear of judgment Trauma responses, where the body recalls past unsafe speaking experiences Understanding the difference helps you recognize your experience and respond with care rather than self-blame. Stuttering: A Neurological Foundation Stuttering is a neurodevelopmental communication difference, not the result of fear or nervousness. It reflects how the brain plans and coordinates speech. Neuroimaging shows variations in speech-motor regions that naturally affect fluency. Because stuttering involves complex brain processes, fluency fluctuates. Fatigue, stress, excitement, or emotion can influence speech on any given day—shifts like that are normal and expected. What Defines a Tough Speech Day? A tough speech day occurs when speaking feels more effortful than usual, without an underlying sense of fear or danger. It might include: More frequent or intense blocks or repetitions Increased physical effort or tension Feeling tired or frustrated after speaking Emotional steadiness despite heavy speech Anxious about certain speaking situations, more so than usual It’s important to remember that these days are temporary—they are not regression. When It Might Be Social Anxiety Social anxiety arises when fear of judgment colors how you feel about speaking. The mind focuses less on mechanics and more on others’ reactions. Common signs include: Worrying before a conversation or event Avoiding introductions, calls, or meetings Physical symptoms like a racing heart or sweating Replaying interactions with self-criticism Lingering fear after the moment has passed For people who stutter, these situations can feel disabling or traumatic, raising the question: “Is this social anxiety, or a survival response to trauma?” Eldon’s story Trauma-induced behaviors arise when individuals perceive a lack of escape from acute or distressing situations, compelling them to internally manage responses to avoid painful experiences. I overheard a mother telling her child, “High emotions slow down our thinking, so be careful about the decisions you are making and the perceptions you are forming.”  This is an excellent lesson for a parent to teach. This advice applies to all emotionally charged situations. Many people who stutter (PWS) often struggle with social situations due to high emotions, so it’s easy to feel broken or disabled in our abilities, losing sight of the bigger picture amidst our own reality. Below are three versions of a similar story, each focusing more on the emotional and behavioral responses to trauma rather than an emphasis on social anxiety.  The poem “I Woke Up,” authored by Eldon Solomon, tells the story of a PWS experiencing the impact of trauma with his stuttering: I am 2 and very happy. My siblings take care of me and think I’m cute. I Woke Up I am 4. I’m napping when an uncle touches me. I am confused. He tells me to go back to sleep. I Woke Up I am angry. I’m a very obnoxious little boy. My siblings don’t think I’m cute anymore and they avoid me. I cannot speak. I stutter. I hurt. I don’t like being me. I Woke Up I don’t want to go to school. People are mean to me; they tease, they make fun, and they bully. They say I am a freak. I stutter! I want to hide. Please, don’t see me. I Woke Up I am in middle school. I still can’t speak. There is no one like me. I am a freak. It’s a living hell. I want to be free of being me. I Woke Up I am in high school. My friends are good to me, but I’m not yet free of being me. Why can’t I speak? I Woke Up I am a father. My son stutters. No. Dear God, NO! Please help me. My son must not be like me. I Woke Up I am 30. Praise God! I found my fluency. I can speak! I am now like you, and free of being me! I Woke Up My son is a young man. He still can’t speak! He is not yet free of being me. I Woke Up I am an old man. My son still stutters, but he likes that part of me. I stutter! No Wait! Wait! I have fluency! Am I me or am I you? I Woke Up I looked in the mirror. I see all of me! Not just my stuttering me or my fluency me, or the little boy who was abused and bullied me.  I see strength and tenacity. I see a person who never gives up.  I see a father who loves his sons and who wants to protect and to prevent what I know will be pain.  I feel intelligence. I see courage and bravery.  I see there has been a higher power that has always walked this journey with me. I see friends, and I see family, who have also walked with me!  I can see! I’m not alone. I’ve Woken Up This time, I choose to stay awake. This time, I choose to be all of “me.” This poem tells a story, a story of recurring trauma that couldn’t be escaped. It’s not hard to feel the pain of this author and see the impact of trauma in his journey to embrace his stutter. There are also victories that came from his experiences. There are more stories like this that relate more to the experiences of trauma rather than to social anxiety. The National Stuttering Association (NSA) thanks Eldon for his courage and vulnerability in sharing his story with us. Mandy’s story Mandy, a speech-language pathologist (SLP) and a PWS, shares her journey of managing internal struggles against external expectations. Early in her life, she felt safe at home with her parents, but her speech was fragmented. One of her parents said, ”Stop! Say it again without stuttering. I cured myself.”   “We can’t talk that way,” a voice inside whispered, “we have to do what they say.”  On her first day of school, introducing herself felt daunting. When she attempted to say “Mandy,” it came out as “Andy,” eliciting giggles from her classmates. Her cheeks burned, but she mustered the courage to try again, declaring, “My name is Amanda.”  “YES!” The Whisper reassured her. “We are Amanda now.”  Are these reactions signs of social anxiety or survival instincts?  During Language Arts, the teacher announced a read-aloud exercise, prompting her to calculate which words she could safely say. “Can I go to the bathroom?” felt like a refuge, though it isolated her further. When an SLP called her name, she hesitated but eventually complied, thinking, “I hate being singled out.”  As the therapist encouraged her with slow, elongated speech patterns, exclaiming, “Good job! You were so fluent!”  She couldn’t help but resist, questioning, “Why am I talking like this?” The Whisper returned, demanding compliance: “We have to do what they tell us.”  Years later, in college, she came across a video of a girl speaking just like her. Tears filled her eyes as a voice inside her declared, "That is me!" Inspired, she pursued a career as an SLP. Yet, in graduate school, professors advised her to enhance her fluency strategies, eliciting yet another wave of resistance. “Why can't they hear ME?”  “We have to do what they tell us,” whe Whisper reminded her.  As a school-based SLP, she found joy in working with students who stutter. When she celebrated their achievements with the familiar words: “Good job! You were so fluent!”  She also shared a secret with them—that those strategies “don’t always work, do they?” After 41 years, the internal conflict became unbearable.  “You’re a fraud,” her inner critic sneered. But this time, the Whisper turned supportive:  “You are enough.”  In a pivotal moment, she confronted her stutter.  “I’m Mandy,” the Whisper boldly announced. “I get to choose… I choose to stutter.”  The stories shared here are as diverse as the individuals telling them, yet they resonate with common themes of trauma responses with social anxiety.  Doug’s story Doug, a man nearing 70, revisited his stuttering journey after years of ignoring the metaphorical 800-pound gorilla—his stutter. Ignoring the gorilla was never completely   possible; its constant presence demanded acknowledgment on its own schedule. Avoidance came at a cost that could not always   be ignored. As a child, he felt like an outsider,   not sure why he couldn’t talk like everyone else. Peers’ laughter landed like daggers, and the discomfort of the waitstaff as he struggled to order a grilled cheese left him longing for silence.  “Never mind,” he would say, opting for soup instead. In eighth grade, fear gripped him at the prospect of presenting his poem. The silence stretched painfully, and when it was his turn to share a short story, his teacher offered him an out: “You don’t have to go.”  His relief was tainted by shame—what hurt more: stuttering in front of classmates or receiving special treatment that highlighted his differences? He chose a college path without foreign language requirements to sidestep anxiety. In graduate school, his peers’ reluctance to make the group’s presentation baffled him. “Why are you afraid? I’m the one who stutters!”  Stuttering became part of his identity; he passively   accepted it, refusing to let it fully define   him. This cycle of stuttering and avoidance dominated his life until he made one last attempt at therapy. Three weeks of intense fluency shaping worked, but like before, not for very long. The hard-earned goal of fluency quickly disappeared.  Decades later, when asked, “How has being a person who stutters improved your life?” he reflected on the intersection of struggle and growth, realizing he was not broken; he was not alone. Deciding to attend the NSA Annual Conference in Denver in 2025 felt monumental. Could facing the gorilla finally set him free? He envisioned embracing it, sharing stories, and wearing a T-shirt that boldly stated, “I stutter.” Connecting with others allowed him to appreciate the power of listening. One woman he met stuttered more severely than anyone he’d encountered, yet her insights and humor were vibrant.  For the first time, he pondered if social anxiety could be a survival response, leading him to an honest reflection: “YES.” Each narrative is shaped by individual experiences. The stories shared here reflect a willingness to confront fears and reject suffocating social anxiety responses. Yes, we stutter—but that’s just one piece of the complex puzzle of who we are. The trauma we’ve faced profoundly contributes to our identities and not just as negatives. On this path, we often find more victories than defeats, ultimately arriving at the realization: “I’m pretty terrific.”  Conclusion The heaviest burdens often take the longest to lift. Yet, in this journey of self-discovery and acceptance, we uncover our truest selves. The experiences here tell a different story from that of social anxiety. Look a little deeper than what you feel and more at what you have and will overcome. By facing our fears and embracing our stories, we step into a power that liberates us and inspires those around us. If you stutter, you are not alone! Find your people today at WeStutter.org/join-a-chapter . About the contributors Eldon Solomon is a CEO and a lifelong person who stutters, but he will tell you first that he is a husband of 38 years and a proud grandfather. For more than three decades, Eldon has served as a mental health counselor, dedicating over 33 years to helping individuals move beyond simply surviving and into truly thriving. His work has included leading veteran outreach initiatives, directing mental health clinics, and guiding people through some of their most vulnerable moments with compassion and clarity. After attending his first NSA Conference in 2023, Eldon felt something shift. He experienced firsthand the power of community and connection, and he knew he wanted to give back. Drawing on both his professional expertise and lived experience as a person who stutters, Eldon is passionate about supporting others as they navigate what he calls the “survival hijack” — those moments when fear takes the wheel and our authentic selves feel distant. He believes that every person who stutters has a powerful voice. Sometimes it just needs space, safety, and support to be fully heard. Based in Indiana, Eldon embodies a simple but powerful truth: it is never too late to build new bridges, deepen connection, and create meaningful change. Mandy Rodstrom is a person who stutters and a former school-based speech-language therapist with 20 years of experience supporting children and families. She is a passionate advocate for client- and family-centered, neurodiversity-affirming, and trauma-informed care, with a specialization in developmental stuttering. After more than 30 years as a covert stutterer, Mandy made the courageous decision to embrace her stutter openly. That shift not only transformed her personal journey, but also deepened her professional mission. Today, she runs her own private practice and teaches graduate-level courses on stuttering at several universities, equipping the next generation of clinicians with evidence-based knowledge and affirming approaches. Beyond her clinical and academic work, Mandy is deeply engaged in community advocacy. She serves as a Family Chapter Co-Leader in Washington DC with the National Stuttering Association and volunteers with Friends Who Stutter, SPACE Community and Arts, and The Stuttering Association for the Young. Through these spaces, she helps create connection, visibility, and belonging for people who stutter and their families. Outside of her professional life, Mandy finds joy in music, traveling, cooking, and spending time with her husband and three children. Her journey reflects a powerful truth: when we embrace our voices fully, we not only change our own lives, we help change the field itself. Doug Harris is a lifelong person who stutters, a husband, a father, and a retired architect living in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. For many years, Doug simply lived with his stutter, navigating both its challenges and its quiet strengths without actively engaging in the broader stuttering community. In 2024, that began to change. He intentionally reengaged in his journey, joining the Greenville, South Carolina chapter of the National Stuttering Association and stepping into deeper connection with others who share his experience. In 2025, Doug attended his first NSA Annual Conference in Denver. The promise of a “life-changing experience” often shared by longtime attendees did not disappoint. The sense of belonging, understanding, and shared growth met every expectation and then some. Shortly before the conference, Doug relocated from Western North Carolina to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he began attending the Philadelphia NSA Chapter and continuing his adventure within the stuttering community. Now, Doug is helping organize an intergenerational discussion panel for the upcoming Charlotte conference, creating space for meaningful conversations across ages and experiences. His journey reflects something many people discover: it is never too late to lean in, reconnect, and find new depth in your voice and your community.

Written by Taylor Worsham, BA, NSA Community Manager As someone who lives less than five miles from Canada, going over for a day trip, shopping, or dinner is not a big deal and happens relatively frequently for me. However, being the person in the driver’s seat who deals with customs and their questions has never appealed to me because, well… I stutter and don’t handle authority very well.  However, the stuttering ID card from the National Stuttering Association (NSA)  recently helped me cross into/from Canada for the very first time by myself. I will be talking about my experience with using the ID card and how it has helped me.  Actually Deciding to Use the Stuttering ID Card I’ve been pulled over while driving before and accused of lying by a police officer. I have to believe that was partially due to my speech. As someone with a more prominent stutter, I generally find it extremely difficult to verbally disclose that I’m a person who stutters. The ID card allows me to disclose my stutter on my terms. And not only that, but the ID card features positive language around stuttering and explicitly tells people what to do (and what not to do).  To me, it was a no-brainer. I didn’t want any more negative reactions from or with authority. I printed it off, cut it out, and did a corny DIY lamination at home using tape for durability. Because I plan to use it primarily for interactions with law enforcement, I keep it in my car's glove box but plan to print another copy to keep in my wallet. Using the Stuttering ID Card to Cross for International Travel I’m approaching my 30s. I have never been to Canada by myself, despite having been there probably over 100 times. But I wanted to visit someone who lives in Canada and I didn’t want to inconvenience him (even though he offered to drive me) or the people around me by being my chauffeur. I knew this was something that I would probably have to do someday and that I should just get it out of the way now. I was terrified, not  at the thought of traveling internationally, but because I was afraid of how customs would react. I’ve been made fun of for my speech more times than I can count, even as an adult. I’ve even had nightmares about crossing the International Bridge. And if it’s any indication of how nervous I was, according to my Apple Watch, my heart rate was 128 while I was completely still.  But I kept remembering what Matice Morris said during her speech at the NSA’s 2023 Annual Conference: “Feel the fear and do it anyway. Do the thing that scares you the most, and you’ll see that fear is only a mental mountain, where, on the other side, is confidence.”  So I swallowed my fear and did it. I told myself over and over, aloud, “I can do this. I can do this. I can do this.”  Crossing the International Bridge & Dealing With Customs I drove up to the toll booth to pay the $4.50 toll. The woman asked me how I was doing that day.  “Grrrreat!” I said, clearly stuttering.  She gave me an odd look and started chuckling as she was running my card.  “Did you have your Frosted Flakes this morning or what?”  “You know what, yes, I did!”  Both of us started laughing. Hey, I’ll take this over someone blatantly mocking me… and I can appreciate a good joke. And as Mike Molino said, if you take everything too seriously, why bother? I pressed on and drove across the nearly 3-mile International Bridge into Canada. Nobody was waiting in line at the port of entry. I got right in. I took a deep breath and started recording on my phone just in case. I pulled up to the window to talk to customs. It was a friendly-looking older gentleman. I decided to be very mindful of how I presented the ID card. I handed it over first, waited a moment, then gave him my passport.  “Where are you from?” he asked me first.  I answered with my city and state. My stutter was certainly making itself known. It probably took me 30 seconds or more to say only four words. I was very  nervous.  “Where are you going?” he asked me.  I answered.  “Have a good day,” he said and handed me my ID card and passport back.  “Thank you.”  Returning to the US that evening was also equally as easy. I pulled up and handed the nice-looking woman the ID card first, then my passport.  “What were you doing over in Canada?” she asked first.  “Visiting a friend.”  “Where does your friend live?”  I answered succinctly with the city in which my friend lives. “Just for the day?”  “Yes.”  “Are you bringing anything back?”  “No.”  (When you pull up to the booth to talk to customs, a picture of your car shows up on the officer’s screen. My license plate clearly relates to stuttering and she said, “Fair enough,” which we both found a little funny.) “Welcome home.”  “Thank you.”  Paying the toll back into the US was easy and nothing really happened there. These experiences were both super easy and I honestly have the ID card and the fact that customs was so kind to thank for that.  Conclusion A few years ago, I never  would’ve thought I would be able to do anything like this. And that’s not an understatement. I felt so much shame and so much stigma around my stutter that I pretended like it didn’t exist. I let it hold me back. I let it define who I was and what I did. However, since finding the NSA and finding acceptance, I am constantly doing things that I never thought possible.  The stuttering ID card made a potentially stressful situation into one of ease and mutual understanding. Not only is this card important for me to easily disclose to people as a person who stutters, but it’s also important for the listener so they are not caught off guard or make false assumptions about me or the situation. When you’re dealing with law enforcement, the stakes are so much higher and misunderstandings can escalate quickly.  This ID card is an extremely mutually beneficial tool that, in my opinion, every person who stutters should have. You can get yours here .

The National Stuttering Association offers free stuttering printables and brochures  to support education, self-advocacy, and awareness for people who stutter and those who support them. These downloadable resources are used by: People who stutter Parents and caregivers Educators and schools Speech-language pathologists Employers and professionals Community advocates All materials use NSA-approved language , reflect evidence-based understanding of stuttering, and are designed to be shared respectfully in real-world settings. Download Free Stuttering Printables & Brochures All resources below are free to download and share. They may be printed, emailed, or distributed digitally for educational and advocacy purposes. Stuttering Disclosure ID Card Navigating fast-paced or high-pressure situations—such as traffic stops, airport security, medical appointments, or workplace interactions—can be especially challenging for people who stutter. A simple tool for self-advocacy The Stuttering Disclosure ID Card  provides a clear, respectful way to communicate that you stutter when verbal explanations may feel difficult or unnecessary. It allows you to share information on your own terms , without pressure or expectation. This card may be helpful in: Public or high-stress situations Medical or emergency settings Workplace or everyday interactions Free Printable Downloads Spanish Version Available General Information About Stuttering These educational brochures provide clear, accessible information about stuttering for the general public, employers, allies, and listeners. They are commonly used in schools, workplaces, healthcare settings, and community education efforts. Available Downloads What Employers Should Know Information for Allies Stuttering: So Much Can Be Done Notes to Listeners Navigating Insurance Stuttering vs. Cluttering Stuttering vs. Tourettes Neurogenic vs. Developmental Stuttering Information for Families These resources are designed to support parents, caregivers, and families of children who stutter. They provide guidance rooted in understanding, respect, and long-term communication confidence. Available Downloads Helping Children Who Stutter Helping Parents of Children Who Stutter Classroom Presentation Accommodation Scripts For Students These templates help students communicate their needs clearly and confidently in educational settings. Middle & High School Students A template for requesting simple classroom accommodations and starting supportive conversations with teachers. College Students An email template to help college students request accommodations in a clear, respectful, and professional way. Information for Professionals These resources support educators, healthcare providers, employers, and allied professionals in understanding stuttering and creating inclusive, supportive environments. Available Downloads Answers for Educators Answers for Educators (Spanish) SLP Resources: Helping Children Who Stutter Stuttering and Fluency Assessment for Teachers Stuttering: What Employers Should Know Pediatricians and Family Physicians Medical Professionals as Allies Stuttering and the Military Workplace Advocacy & Communication Tools These templates support workplace self-advocacy, follow-up communication, and confidence building for people who stutter. Available Downloads Request Flexible Accommodations at Work (Email Scripts) Interview Follow-Up Email Scripts Stuttering Advocacy Bingo Board for the Workplace Using These Stuttering Resources These printables are frequently used for: School meetings and IEP discussions Workplace education and DEI initiatives Chapter meetings and outreach events Conferences, health fairs, and awareness campaigns For larger distributions or community events, we recommend pairing these materials with local NSA chapter support . Looking for More Support? These printables are just one part of what the NSA offers. You may also find these helpful: Resources for People Who Stutter Support for Parents & Families Education for Teachers and Schools Advocacy & Workplace Resources About the National Stuttering Association The National Stuttering Association is the largest self-help organization for people who stutter and their families. We provide education, community, and advocacy to support people who stutter at every stage of life. If you’ve found these free stuttering printables and brochures helpful, consider supporting our work so these resources remain accessible to everyone. Important Use Note These materials may be printed, emailed, or shared digitally. Please do not alter content or remove National Stuttering Association attribution. Why This Page Matters Accurate information about stuttering reduces stigma, supports inclusion, and helps people communicate with confidence. These free stuttering printables and brochures are one of the many ways the NSA works to ensure that no one who stutters ever has to navigate alone .

When you stutter, it’s easy to feel like you’re the only one. The general public may not understand stuttering, and that misunderstanding can leave people who stutter feeling isolated or invisible. But one thing truly changes everything: community. At the National Stuttering Association (NSA) , we know how powerful and impactful a community can be. The NSA community begins at the local level, in our chapters across the country, where people who stutter come together to be seen, heard, and understood. Why NSA Chapters Matter NSA Chapters are more than just “support groups.” These meetings are safe spaces where people who stutter of all ages and their families can be themselves without the pressure to be fluent. There is zero pressure to speak a certain way or an expectation to explain yourself. At NSA Chapter meetings, we engage in conversations, foster shared understanding, and create strength in numbers: “I started my NSA Chapter in Exton, Pennsylvania, because there were no stuttering resources available in the Philadelphia suburbs. The nearest chapter was in Philadelphia and was for adults only. I created my Adults & Family chapter to show children that they can succeed as adults who stutter and to provide a safe space for PWS of all ages.” — Lexi Hewitt, NSA Exton NSA Chapters provide emotional relief by reminding people who stutter that they are not broken, not defined by their fluency, and they’re not alone. For the first time in their life, they belong to something bigger—a community that finally understands  them. The Power of Shared Experience Every time a person who stutters hears someone speak openly about their stuttering journey, it helps alleviate the heavy burden of shame and isolation. It can help create an environment for self-acceptance.  NSA Chapter meetings are places where individuals practice saying their names without apologizing for stuttering, where people try public speaking in an encouraging environment, and where parents and caregivers learn that they don’t need to “fix” their child: “I had a mother and father reach out to me with concerns for their child. They were worried because he was not socializing, was choosing to attend classes virtually, and was thinking of dropping out of school due to all the presentations he was supposed to give. This mother and father ended up attending my monthly meeting, and we had a lengthy discussion. They told me their son was reluctant to come to a meeting, so they would share my information with him and ‘we’ll see.’ He ended up reaching out, and we set up a day/time to meet for coffee. We chatted for about an hour on stuttering, college in general, presentations, life transitions, and the NSA Conference. He never came to an ‘official’ meeting, but he and his parents attended their first NSA Conference that year (in St. Louis). After the Conference, his mother told me on the drive home that they actually talked about stuttering, which is something they rarely did. She reported that she viewed stuttering in a different light now after hearing from others who stutter and their families.”  — Amanda Elias, Monroe, LA/RCC for Mid-Atlantic Region More Than Just Monthly Meetings Some people might think NSA Chapters are just for practicing various speaking situations, but they’re so much more than that. They are where lifelong friendships begin, hard conversations occur, and people feel heard and supported—sometimes for the first time  in someone’s life: “In 2012, I had searched the NSA website and found that there was an NSA Chapter in Morgantown, West Virginia. As a 400-mile round trip, it was far, but it was the closest NSA Chapter to me. I took half a day off work and made the drive… I seriously considered not attending the meeting; I could just drive back home, and no one would be the wiser. I finally talked myself into going in, and I’m glad I did. The meeting was great, it was the first time in my life that I was in a room with other people who stutter, and I must say it was life-changing. For the first time, I didn’t feel alone; I felt heard, not judged. For the first time, I knew that I wasn’t the only one trying to navigate stuttering on a day-to-day basis. I made the trip to Morgantown as much as I could for a year or so. I felt so validated, heard, and understood. I wanted to provide the same feeling to other people who stutter in my corner of West Virginia! I vowed to try to start an NSA Chapter in the Charleston/Huntington, West Virginia area someday. With the help of my Chapter Co-Leader, Dr. Jamie Maxwell, it finally happened.”  — Bryan Matthews, Charleston/Huntington, West Virginia And thanks to virtual NSA Chapters and NSA Connects, geography is no longer a barrier. Anyone, anywhere, can find a space to connect with others who understand the stuttering experience. A Place for Every Voice We offer a range of NSA Chapters for adults, teens, and families, each bringing its own unique energy. What unites them all is the belief that people who stutter deserve spaces that validate and affirm them and help them thrive . Some NSA Chapters focus on play and connection for kids. Others create a safe space for adults to unpack years of hiding and difficult experiences. Educators and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) can learn more about stuttering and how to best serve their students and clients who stutter. Family Chapters invite parents and siblings into the conversation, helping the whole household grow together. “When I looked around my community, I realized there wasn’t an NSA Chapter for children who stutter, and I knew that if I wanted my daughter and other kids to have a supportive space, I would have to build it myself… Starting our NSA Chapter pushed me far beyond my comfort zone, but it also transformed me into a stronger and more compassionate advocate. The experience has allowed me to connect with families, raise awareness through public speaking, and create meaningful conversations within our community. Most importantly, it’s inspired me to keep learning about the diverse experiences of people who stutter, so that I can represent and serve this community in a positive, affirming, and empowering way.”  — Molly Portzel, Co-Chapter Leader of St. Louis Family Chapter NSA Chapter Leaders: Leading with Courage & Compassion Chapter Leaders are the heart of the NSA. They lead these groups with vulnerability and strength. Many are people who stutter themselves, using their experience to uplift others. Others are family members, SLPs, or allies committed to making a difference: “I became a Family Chapter Leader because I wanted to connect with parents of children who stutter and show them that their kids will be just fine. I hoped to be an example that people who stutter can lead successful, meaningful lives while also encouraging parents to fully support and embrace their children.”  — Mitchell Portzel, Co-Chapter Leader, St. Louis Family Chapter Leadership at the NSA isn’t about being fluent. Being a Chapter Leader is often a vulnerable experience when you lead and facilitate a conversation in a room full of strangers, but you demonstrate to your attendees that individuals who stutter can hold leadership roles!  Why This Matters When people who stutter find each other, shame fades, confidence grows, and a sense of belonging takes root. That’s what our NSA Chapters make possible for people who stutter across the nation. And it’s why they’re essential—not optional—for building a world where people who stutter are supported and empowered: “It is tremendously valuable and freeing to be in a space with people who understand what it is like to live life with a stutter. We all have different backgrounds and experiences, and we even express our stutters differently, but there is a common thread that links us all together. The sense of community is priceless.”  — Lisa Greenleaf, Co-Chapter Leader, Boston Adult & Boston Family Chapters Want to get involved? Find an NSA Chapter Interested in starting one? Learn more about becoming a Chapter Leader Support our work . Help us continue to build spaces where people who stutter feel seen and supported. No one should have to navigate stuttering alone. And with your help, they won’t.

The Krishnan and Yegneswaran Family College Scholarship from the National Stuttering Association (NSA) provides financial assistance to college students who stutter, supporting their educational goals while advancing our mission. This scholarship recognizes students who demonstrate academic commitment, leadership potential, and a connection to the stuttering community. Staying connected with scholarship recipients and following their journeys is one of the most meaningful parts of this program. We are proud to share updates from several recent recipients and highlight the incredible work they continue to do!  Aspen Jester (2025 Scholarship Recipient) Aspen Jester When Aspen Jester received her NSA scholarship, she was pursuing her Master of Science in Clinical Speech-Language Pathology at Northern Arizona University. Since then, Aspen has continued expanding her impact on the stuttering community through advocacy, education, research, and leadership.  How has receiving the NSA scholarship impacted your college experience or career journey? The scholarship gave me the freedom to focus more fully on stuttering advocacy, education, and clinical growth without added financial stress. It encouraged me to pursue opportunities I may not have stepped into otherwise, like presenting to undergraduate students, starting campus initiatives, and connecting with professionals. What accomplishments are you most proud of during college or since graduation? Over the past year, I presented to undergraduate Communication Sciences and Disorders students about supporting people who stutter and participated in research and therapy related to stuttering. This fall, I’m launching an NSA Adult Chapter, one of the most meaningful projects I’ve taken on. Were there opportunities this scholarship opened up for you that you didn’t expect? This scholarship gave me the chance to build meaningful connections with people who stutter all over the country through NSA Chapter meetings, podcasts, and research studies. Those relationships have shaped my confidence and vision for the future. It also gave me the support I needed to take on leadership roles I didn’t anticipate so soon. How has being part of the NSA community shaped your perspective or goals? The NSA community has shown me the power of connection and storytelling. I’ve seen how sharing experiences as people who stutter builds understanding and community. This has shaped my goals beyond clinical work by helping create spaces where people who stutter feel heard and supported. What advice would you give to future NSA scholarship applicants? Be open to the unexpected ways this support can shape your journey. The scholarship is more than financial help; it’s encouragement to share your story and pursue opportunities that align with your passions. Looking back, what does receiving this scholarship mean to you personally? To me, the scholarship represents trust and belief, not only in my potential, but in the future impact I hope to make as both a person who stutters and as a clinician. It gave me the space to grow, connect, and move forward with more confidence and purpose. Eddie Brown (2025 Recipient) Eddie Brown Eddie Brown received his NSA scholarship while pursuing his PhD in Speech and Hearing Science with a focus on stuttering neurophysiology, variability, and treatment effectiveness. Eddie continues to make meaningful contributions through research, teaching, and leadership.  How has receiving the NSA scholarship impacted your college experience or career journey? The scholarship provided financial relief and a sense of affirmation at a critical time in my academic journey. It has allowed me to dedicate more energy to research, teaching, and professional development. It has also been a moral reminder that the NSA community believes in and supports the future of people who stutter. What accomplishments are you most proud of during college or since graduation? I am currently a fifth-year PhD student in Audiology & Speech Pathology at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center. In 2025, I received my college's Dean Award, which recognizes a graduate student who has excelled academically and has either overcome tremendous odds to be successful or has consistently made contributions that benefit others. In 2023, I was named to Knoxville’s 40 Under 40, a recognition awarded to young professionals making significant contributions to their communities, which was especially meaningful. Were there opportunities this scholarship opened up for you that you didn’t expect? The scholarship gave me the confidence to pursue opportunities that felt “bigger than me” at the time. It encouraged me to apply for travel awards to conferences and collaborate with leaders in the field. That initial recognition from the NSA pushed me to believe my voice and contributions matter in both research and clinical practice. How has being part of the NSA community shaped your perspective or goals? The NSA community has been a foundation of belonging for me. It has shown me that stuttering is a diverse human experience. This perspective shapes my research, teaching, and therapy program design. My goal is to carry that same empowerment forward to others who stutter through both science and clinical practice. What advice would you give to future NSA scholarship applicants? I would encourage them to apply even if they feel hesitant or unsure if their story is “enough.” The NSA values authenticity, not perfection. Share your journey, your goals, and how the scholarship would make a difference. Looking back, what does receiving this scholarship mean to you personally? It means validation that my identity as a person who stutters is not a limitation but a source of strength. The scholarship was one of the first moments I felt seen, not just for my academic potential, but for my lived experience. It continues to remind me that I am part of a community that believes in supporting each other’s dreams. It pushes me to work harder for those whose voices have been overlooked or diminished. It also pushes me to be the best Chapter Leader that I can be. Kaela Coye (2024 Recipient) Kaela Coye Kaela Coye received her NSA scholarship while completing her Bachelor of Arts in Language, Speech, and Hearing Sciences and is now pursuing her Master’s in Speech-Language Pathology at the University of South Florida. Kaela continues to pursue her goal of becoming a clinician who helps create positive and empowering experiences for people who stutter.  How has receiving the NSA scholarship impacted your college experience or career journey? As a low-income student with lofty goals, my education has relied on grants and scholarships. As a person who stutters and an aspiring speech-language pathologist, the scholarship made it possible for me to continue my education. What accomplishments are you most proud of during college or since graduation? The scholarship was given to me for my BA in Language, Speech, and Hearing Sciences. Thanks to the NSA, I am happy to say that I finished my degree and have moved on to pursuing my MS in Speech-Language Pathology. Were there opportunities this scholarship opened up for you that you didn’t expect? I was able to attend the University of South Florida, home to an incredible speech clinic and knowledgeable and supportive professors. Without this support, I would not have had the opportunity to participate in such a rigorous and enriching program. How has being part of the NSA community shaped your perspective or goals? Each year at the NSA Conference, I hear about how many people who stutter have been hurt and disappointed by SLPs. I hope to be the SLP who changes this track record, inspires people who stutter to advocate for themselves, and speak openly and fearlessly. What advice would you give to future NSA scholarship applicants? Go for it. The NSA is here to empower students who stutter to reach their fullest potential because we are capable of achieving everything we dream of. Looking back, what does receiving this scholarship mean to you personally? Receiving the scholarship from the NSA has helped me realize that there are people who not only believe in me but also believe in people who stutter around the world and their ability to succeed and flourish in anything they put their minds to. Aspen, Eddie, and Kaela are just a few examples of what becomes possible when students who stutter are supported, believed in, and empowered. If you are a college student who stutters, learn more about the scholarship and how to apply at WeStutter.org/kyfcs .