If you know me on a surface level, then you know that Survivor  (yes, that show is still on) is my favorite show. If you know me on a deeper level, then you know I’m a complete nerd about it. I started watching in spring 2005, and it’s been one of the few constants in my life since. Over the last five years, I’ve gotten more involved with the community. I played in two online games during the pandemic, attended a few watch parties, played online trivia contests, and even played in a fan made game in 2022. Premiere day is one of my favorite days of the year and season 48’s premiere day is no exception. In fact, this is the most excited I’ve been for premiere day since season 41.  Over 700 people have been contestants on the U.S. version of Survivor, but the upcoming season features a first: for the first time, a person who stutters will be on the show! Mitch Guerra Stuttering on Survivor and What It Means for Representation Mitch Guerra will be one of 18 people battling it out on the Fijian beaches for the million-dollar prize. As a 20-year super fan of the show, to say I’m excited to see someone who talks like me on my screen is an understatement. Before we get into my fears and dreams for Mitch’s edit, let me give you a general synopsis of Survivor.  Survivor  is a 26-day social strategy game played on the Mamanuca Islands of Fiji. 18 contestants are divided into 3 teams of 6, called Tribes, and compete in an immunity challenge every 2 days. The losing tribe goes to Tribal Council, where they vote out one of their own. At a certain point, the tribes merge into one, where they compete in immunity challenges for safety at Tribal Council. On day 26, the final 3 pitch their case to the jury (the 8 most recently voted-out players) about why they should win the million-dollar prize and the title of Sole Survivor. To get the opportunity to pitch their case, the final 3 must successfully navigate around allies trying to betray them, advantages found in the game, paranoia, starvation, sleep deprivation, losing their vote at Tribal Council, and more.  Knowing the current meta of Survivor, the stereotypes surrounding stuttering, and the lack of knowledge about stuttering, I fear Mitch could be taken out early. One of my fears is him being viewed as a threat because he has a good story. His fellow contestants could think that he “overcame” so much to play this game and, as a result, could win this game based simply on that. Another fear I have for Mitch is that people may view his stuttering as negative, that a moment of stuttering implies lying or being deceitful. That could certainly harm you in a game built on lying and deception. When I played in my fanmade game, I immediately disclosed to my Tribemates that I’m a person who stutters. I wanted my Tribemates to know that my stuttering moments were because of how I talked and not because I was lying. On the flip side, stuttering could be an asset to Mitch. When I disclosed, I also told people I was more than happy to talk about it. This led to people pulling me aside to ask me questions about stuttering and those conversations helped me form alliances with my fellow Tribemates. I believe every time we openly stutter, we are being vulnerable with our audience. This vulnerability could lead to players trusting him and wanting to work with him deep into the game.  As far as his edit goes, I hope Mitch mentions his stutter in his first confessional and that’s it. I hope his stutter is just one part of his story instead of his entire story. As the game progresses, I hope his stutter fades into the background and Mitch’s role takes center stage. I want to see Mitch be the strategic mastermind, the puzzle guy, the glue guy, the final boss, or the challenge beast. I want the audience to see that you can stutter and play a key role on any team.  Regardless of how Mitch does, being on Survivor  is a massive victory for the stuttering community.   My hope is that his appearance on the show continues the process of normalizing stuttering, that one day, stuttering is seen the same way as needing glasses or using a walker. I also hope his appearance opens more doors for those who stutter to appear on reality TV shows. It shows the world that people who stutter can do anything.  And for the record, I have ZERO desire to be on Survivor. Season 48 of Survivor  premiers on Wednesday, Feb. 26, at 8:00 PM EST on CBS.  James Hayden About the Author James is a brother, son, friend, and person who stutters from the New Orleans area. He is the author of Dear World, I Stutter: A Series of Open Letters from a Person Who Stutters. His work has been published by numerous outlets and organizations. He’s also presented at numerous universities and conferences. Outside of stuttering advocacy, he enjoys reading, traveling, spending time with loved ones, and consuming way too much Survivor-related content.

Stuttering can be a part of a child’s communication journey, but with the right support and encouragement, children who stutter can grow into confident and effective communicators. As a parent, your role is pivotal in fostering a positive, accepting environment that allows your child to thrive. This guide offers insights on how to provide encouragement, navigate challenges, and access valuable resources to support your child effectively. Understanding Stuttering in Children What Is Stuttering? Stuttering is a speech difference that affects the natural flow of speech, often characterized by repetitions, prolongations, or blocks. It can vary in severity and may fluctuate over time. What Causes Stuttering? While the exact cause of stuttering is not fully understood, research indicates that genetics, neurological factors, and environmental influences may play a role. It is important to note that stuttering is not caused by nervousness, parenting styles, or emotional trauma. Does Stuttering Go Away on Its Own? For some children stuttering may be temporary, while for others it can persist into adulthood. Early intervention and a supportive environment play a crucial role in helping children develop positive communication experiences. How Parents Can Support a Child Who Stutters 1. Foster a Supportive and Patient Environment Give your child the time and space to express themselves without rushing or interrupting. Maintain natural eye contact and show interest in what they are saying rather than how they are saying it. Encourage all forms of communication, including non-verbal expressions, storytelling, and creative outlets. 2. Model Relaxed and Open Communication Speak in a slow, relaxed manner to set a comfortable pace for conversations. Use pauses and give your child time to process conversations. Show that communication is about connection rather than fluency. 3. Reduce Time Pressure and Speaking Demands Avoid pressuring your child to speak faster or “get words out.” Encourage turn-taking in conversations so they don’t feel rushed. Create a calm, low-stress home environment that allows for relaxed conversations. 4. Acknowledge and Validate Their Feelings If your child expresses frustration about stuttering, acknowledge their feelings rather than dismiss them. Remind them that stuttering does not define their intelligence or capabilities. Use positive reinforcement, such as, "I love hearing what you have to say," instead of focusing on how they say it. 5. Educate Family Members and Others in Your Child’s Life Talk to teachers, caregivers, and friends about stuttering and how they can be supportive. Encourage siblings to be patient and supportive listeners. Provide teachers with strategies to create a classroom environment that fosters inclusion and confidence. Common Myths About Stuttering Myth 1: Stuttering Is a Sign of Nervousness or Low Intelligence Fact: Stuttering is a neurological speech difference and has no correlation with intelligence. Myth 2: Telling a Child to ‘Slow Down’ or ‘Think Before Speaking’ Helps Fact: These suggestions can create more pressure and frustration. It’s better to listen patiently and encourage natural communication. Myth 3: Stuttering Can Be ‘Cured’ Through Willpower Fact: Stuttering is not something a child can simply stop or control through effort alone. Support, therapy, and self-acceptance are key factors in developing confident communication skills. When to Seek Professional Support Signs That Speech Therapy Might Be Helpful Your child experiences frustration or anxiety about speaking. Stuttering has persisted for more than six months and is increasing in frequency or intensity. Avoidance behaviors, such as refusing to speak in certain situations, are present. How to Find the Right Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) Look for an SLP with experience in fluency disorders and stuttering . Seek therapists who focus on building confidence and communication skills rather than eliminating stuttering. Inquire about support groups or programs  that can help children meet others who stutter. Empowering Your Child to Embrace Their Voice 1. Encourage Self-Advocacy and Confidence Teach your child that their voice matters, regardless of fluency. Encourage them to participate in activities they enjoy, such as storytelling, music, or drama, to build communication confidence. 2. Connect with the Stuttering Community Meeting other children and adults who stutter can provide a sense of belonging and empowerment. Consider joining organizations like the National Stuttering Association (NSA)  to access resources and support networks. 3. Focus on Strengths and Interests Shift the focus from speech fluency to your child’s unique talents and passions. Encourage them to explore interests that build self-esteem and showcase their abilities. Frequently Asked Questions About Parenting a Child Who Stutters Q: Will my child’s stuttering get worse if I talk about it? A: No. Open and supportive conversations about stuttering help reduce fear and stigma. Acknowledging it in a positive way can help your child feel understood. Q: Should I correct my child’s speech? A: No. Correcting or asking your child to repeat words fluently can increase pressure. Instead, create a comfortable speaking environment and listen attentively. Q: Can stuttering be outgrown? A: Some children experience natural recovery, while others continue to stutter into adulthood. What matters most is building confidence and communication skills rather than focusing on fluency alone. Your Support Makes a Difference Parenting a child who stutters is about more than speech—it’s about fostering self-confidence, resilience, and acceptance. By providing encouragement, accessing the right resources , and educating those around you, you create a world where your child feels heard and valued. If you’re looking for more resources, consider visiting the National Stuttering Association (NSA) at   WeStutter.org  for support, community events, and expert guidance.

It’s no surprise to most that remote work has increased dramatically since 2020. In fact, according to U.S. News, it may turn out to be  “one of the lasting legacies of the COVID-19 pandemic.”  As someone who has worked remotely for over 5 years, I can attest to the pros, such as a more flexible work schedule, better work-life balance, and even positive environmental impacts. But not all that glitters is gold all the time!  How does working remotely affect a person who stutters (PWS)? Whether you’re an in-person or a remote employee, we will break everything down so you know which type of work environment will benefit you the most!  Advantages and Challenges of Remote Work Yay! You just landed a new remote job. You should know that much like in-person work, remote work has benefits and challenges for everyone, and they can vary from person to person. However, PWS can face a unique set of advantages and disadvantages. One significant positive aspect of remote work is that you are in complete control over your work environment, which means a lot of things: Typically, there are fewer face-to-face interactions than in-person work. In-person interactions can be very stressful, especially in a busy or fast-paced environment like journalism.  Digital communication mediums such as Slack, Microsoft Teams, and email provide opportunities for you to communicate thoughtfully, clearly, and concisely. No more substituting words or anticipating which words you might stutter on during impromptu water cooler chats.  Your workspace can be tailored to fit your needs and make it comfortable. For example, you can purchase ergonomic office furniture, schedule time away from your desk to stretch throughout the day, or even add a diffuser to enjoy calming scents like lavender, chamomile, or citrus. Since  stress can lead to more stuttering , consider investing in yourself by investing in your environment.  Moving onto the cons, there are several to keep in mind if you’re a PWS:  If you strongly dislike calls, which is a common theme amongst PWS (including myself), video meetings might be a substantial challenge for you. Sometimes, being a remote employee can feel pretty isolating. There’s only so much you can bond with a coworker over a screen. If you are an extrovert and crave face-to-face interactions with others or rely on in-person interactions to build your communication skills, remote work may not be the right fit for you.  You may develop an overreliance on text-based communication. This is something I have personally dealt with. In early 2023, I became so self-conscious and fearful of my stutter that I would write a note on my phone introducing myself and explaining why I was there to check in for appointments. Some people assumed I was deaf, and I almost always got a weird look from the receptionists. Text-based communication can be beneficial for PWS, but it cannot be used in every situation.  Tips for Effective Communication in Virtual Meetings for PWS Don’t dread those virtual meetings; they’re a staple of remote work. While they can be daunting for PWS for a variety of reasons, here are some helpful tips to help you communicate more effectively: Come to the meeting prepared. Nobody likes to be unprepared, especially me as a PWS. Go over the agenda ahead of time. If you have questions or topics you want to discuss with your team, jot them down so you know what to say and how to communicate those properly. Visual aids can distract from your speech and lessen your feelings of pressure. If they will help you be a more successful presenter, utilize them.  If you feel comfortable, mention you are a PWS at the start of the meeting. Here’s an example: “Hi everyone! Just so everyone is aware, I am a person who stutters. I may take a bit longer to express my thoughts, but I look forward to contributing to this discussion.” In my experience, I could’ve avoided so many angering and frustrating situations with others if I had just told people outright that I stutter. Self-disclosure sets an expectation for everyone in the meeting and often alleviates the pressure on you to be covert or appear fluent.  Strategies for Reducing Anxiety in Digital Communication for PWS Effective communication in a work environment is a valued skill for any employee, but it’s crucial in a remote setting. If you are feeling anxious about your digital communication skills, here are some tips for you: Schedule regular breaks throughout your workday. We all know taking breaks can help reduce overall anxiety and prevent burnout, but breaks can also be helpful for stretching out your muscles and drinking some water (you can't fool us; we already know you're not drinking enough).  Don’t hesitate to communicate your needs to your manager or ask for accommodations. For example, I requested that I utilize the chat box function during virtual meetings. My work was more than willing to accommodate my request. As someone with a severe stutter, this has helped ensure my thoughts and input are heard. Also, you might request more written communication or suggest alternatives to frequent video calls. Practice speaking in smaller meetings before speaking in larger settings. This is commonly known as exposure therapy, and it can help build your confidence and reduce anxiety over time. Acknowledge your successes. Give yourself a pat on the back, no matter how small your bravery or achievement is. You deserve it! A Guide to Remote Work for People Who Stutter  Embrace Your Communication Style as a PWS It’s not all doom and gloom! Remote work allows you to embrace your unique communication style and leverage your strengths as a PWS. Here’s how to make the most of your remote work experience: Focus on your strengths as a PWS, such as your fantastic empathy, ability to be a great listener, and attention to detail. These qualities are highly valued in any work setting. Encourage your team to adopt inclusive communication practices, such as allowing more time for responses, providing written summaries, or using accessible tools. Promoting inclusivity benefits everyone and helps create a supportive work environment for all. Educate your team and company. For International Stuttering Awareness Day 2024, I drafted a message for my entire company about stuttering, facts and myths, and resources for them to check out if they wanted to learn more. It was extremely well-received, and people even thanked me for educating them. I promise you, nobody cares more about your stutter than you. Conclusion We’ve talked about a lot, but if you’re taking anything away from this article, know that remote work has its unique opportunities and challenges for PWS. By thoroughly understanding them, practicing effective communication strategies in meetings, and using techniques to reduce their communication anxiety, anybody can excel in a remote position. A stutter does not define anyone’s ability to succeed—one’s resilience, adaptability, and perspective do.

It’s that time of year again! New pencils, books, classrooms, friends, and teachers. We have helpful tips and advice on how to make the upcoming school year the best it can be for both your student AND for you! Educate Teachers New school year, new teacher? Bring your teacher up to speed about stuttering by giving them one of our free Answers for Educators brochures. Also encourage teachers to visit the Who We Help: Teachers section of the NSA website, which is designed to help teachers feel more comfortable with their ability to support children who stutter. In this section educators will learn more about what stuttering is (and what stuttering is not ), what the goals of therapy are for school-age children who stutter, and how teachers can help children communicate more effectively in the classroom. Lastly, check out IEP Ideas for Parents by Joan Duffield for more back-to-school tips and ideas. Educate Classmates Encourage your child to talk about stuttering to their classmates. Many kids choose to do a classroom presentation about stuttering, which is an excellent way to educate the class about their speech. Kids who have talked to their classmates about stuttering have found that once their peers understand stuttering, teasing and mimicking don’t happen as much. After all, your child is the best person to help their classmates understand, because they are the expert about their speech! Check out our Classroom Presentation brochure for more info. Educate Health Care Professionals Planning to visit your pediatrician’s office for that back-to-school physical? Why not take that opportunity to educate your physician as well with one of our new Information for Pediatricians and Family Physicians brochure? This brochure is filled with useful, concise information that will be helpful to pediatricians when answering questions from parents about their child’s stuttering, and is just one step in the outreach currently underway to educate pediatricians and family physicians about childhood stuttering. With the correct information and a basic understanding of childhood stuttering, medical professionals can also assist parents in making the appropriate choices regarding a speech evaluation with a speech-language pathologist. Working with SLPs Parents should work alongside their child’s school therapist to discuss their child’s therapy. We know that finding an SLP who understands stuttering can be a challenge, so we’ve put together some guidelines to help you. It is important to pair stuttering support group involvement with therapy from a qualified speech and language pathologist stuttering specialist. Stuttering specialists are speech-language pathologists who have been recognized by the American Board of Fluency and Fluency Disorders as having achieved advanced training and clinical skill for working with people who stutter and their families. Visit the Who We Help: Families section of our website for support, tips, advice and a directory of stuttering specialists. Printables All of our brochures are available to download and print (PDF format) at no cost to you in the NSA Printables section of our website. Print them out for yourself, or share the links with family, friends, and others to make sure everyone is ‘in the know’! Get Involved Ongoing support is key, both for you and your child who stutters! The NSA offers an extensive network of local support group chapters across the United States, including those specifically for kids, teens, and families. The purpose of our local chapters is to provide connection and support for people who stutter and their families. Search our Chapter Locator to find the local NSA Chapter(s) in your area. We also offer a free, virtual support meeting for Parents & Caregivers on the 1st Thursday of each month. Held over Zoom, these sessions are for any parent/guardian/caregiver of a person (of any age!) who stutters, and serves to answer any questions about what to do and how best to help. Stay Connected Sign up for our mailing list and follow us on social media to make sure you’re getting the most up-to-date info and to join in the conversation today!

Searching for a job can be challenging for anyone, but it can feel especially daunting if you stutter. However, with the right strategies and mindset, you can navigate the job market confidently and effectively. This guide will help you craft a compelling resume, write a standout cover letter, and find job opportunities that align with your skills and aspirations. Let’s dive in! 1. Crafting a Compelling Resume Your resume is often the first impression you make on a potential employer. It should clearly communicate your skills, experience, and achievements. Here are some tailored tips for creating a resume that stands out: a. Highlight Your Strengths and Skills Focus on Transferable Skills : Even if your experience isn’t directly related to the job you’re applying for, emphasize transferable skills such as communication, problem-solving, and teamwork. Mention any specific situations where your skills in managing your stutter have helped you become a more effective communicator or collaborator. Use Action-Oriented Language : Start each bullet point with a strong action verb (e.g., "managed," "led," "developed"). This makes your resume dynamic and helps hiring managers quickly grasp your contributions and achievements. Quantify Your Achievements : Whenever possible, include numbers to showcase your accomplishments. For example, "Led a team of 5 in organizing a successful fundraising event, raising over $10,000" is more impactful than simply saying, "Organized a fundraising event." b. Be Honest About Your Stutter Mention It as a Strength : If you feel comfortable, consider mentioning your stutter in a positive light. For example, you could include a line like, "Overcame communication challenges associated with stuttering by developing strong active listening skills and effective communication techniques." This shows resilience and a proactive approach to personal development. Tailor Your Resume to Each Job : Customize your resume for each job application by aligning your skills and experience with the specific requirements of the role. This will make your resume more relevant and increase your chances of getting noticed. c. Format for Clarity and Readability Keep It Simple : Use a clean, easy-to-read format with consistent fonts and headings. Avoid clutter and ensure there is plenty of white space to make the document inviting to read. Use a Professional Summary : Start with a concise summary that highlights your professional background, key skills, and what you bring to the table. This should be tailored to the specific job you’re applying for and provide a snapshot of why you’re a great fit. 2. Writing a Standout Cover Letter A cover letter is your opportunity to tell your story and connect your experience to the job you’re applying for. Here’s how to write a compelling cover letter that stands out: a. Personalize Your Introduction Address the Hiring Manager by Name : If possible, find out the hiring manager’s name and address them directly. This small step can make a big difference in personalizing your application and showing that you’ve done your homework. Open with a Strong Hook : Start with a compelling opening that grabs the reader’s attention. You might share a personal story or highlight a key achievement that is relevant to the job. For example, "As someone who has turned my stutter into a strength, I am passionate about effective communication and have honed my skills to become a strong team leader." b. Connect Your Experience to the Job Align Your Skills with the Job Requirements : Clearly explain how your skills and experience make you an ideal candidate for the position. Use specific examples to demonstrate how you’ve successfully handled responsibilities similar to those required for the job. Discuss Your Stutter if Relevant : If you choose to mention your stutter, frame it positively. For instance, explain how it has taught you perseverance, resilience, and creative problem-solving—qualities that are valuable in any workplace. c. Show Enthusiasm and Fit Express Genuine Interest : Convey your excitement about the opportunity to join the company and explain why you’re drawn to this particular role and organization. Employers want to see that you’re not just looking for any job, but that you’re specifically interested in what they do. Conclude with a Call to Action : End your letter by expressing your eagerness to discuss your application further and thank the reader for their time. For example, "I would love the opportunity to discuss how I can contribute to your team and help your company achieve its goals." 3. Finding Job Opportunities that Align with Your Skills and Aspirations Finding the right job is about more than just matching your skills to a job description. It’s also about finding a role that aligns with your career aspirations and a company culture where you can thrive. Here’s how to find job opportunities that are the right fit for you: a. Leverage Your Network Tap into Your Existing Network : Reach out to friends, family, former colleagues, and mentors to let them know that you’re job hunting. They may have leads or know of opportunities that aren’t advertised publicly. Join Professional Organizations and Support Groups : Consider joining organizations such as the National Stuttering Association (NSA) or other support groups for people who stutter. These groups often have job boards, networking events, and resources specifically designed to help people who stutter find employment. Look into joining an NSA Chapter near you!  We even have local chapters meeting virtually so there's something for everyone! b. Utilize Job Search Platforms Effectively Use Niche Job Boards : In addition to general job search sites like LinkedIn, Indeed, and Glassdoor, explore niche job boards that cater to your specific industry or skills. Some job boards are specifically designed for people with disabilities, including those who stutter, and can provide more tailored opportunities. Set Up Job Alerts : Create job alerts on job search platforms to receive notifications about new opportunities that match your skills and interests. This will help you stay proactive and ensure you don’t miss out on relevant openings. c. Consider the Company Culture Research Potential Employers : Look into companies that prioritize diversity and inclusion and have supportive environments for people with disabilities. Check out employee reviews, company websites, and social media pages to get a sense of the company culture and values. Seek Out Inclusive Workplaces : Look for employers who are known for their inclusive practices and who actively support diversity in the workplace. Companies that value diversity are more likely to appreciate the unique perspectives and strengths that people who stutter bring to the table. d. Prepare for Interviews Practice Interview Techniques : Consider practicing your interview skills with a coach or using online resources designed specifically for people who stutter. Mock interviews can help you become more comfortable discussing your stutter and answering questions confidently. Prepare to Address Your Stutter : Think about how you want to discuss your stutter if it comes up in an interview. Practice your response so that you can address it confidently and turn it into an opportunity to highlight your strengths and resilience. 4. Embracing Your Unique Strengths Remember, your stutter is just one part of who you are—it doesn’t define your abilities or potential. By embracing your unique strengths and using the right strategies, you can navigate the job search process successfully and find a role that suits you. The journey to finding a job can be challenging, but with persistence, preparation, and a positive attitude, you can achieve your career goals. Use these tips to craft a compelling resume, write a standout cover letter, and find job opportunities that align with your skills and aspirations. Good luck!

When Ava, a young girl who stutters first attended a one-day conference with the National Stuttering Association (NSA) , she couldn’t have imagined how that single event would change her life. What began as an opportunity to connect with other kids who stutter has grown into a mission to inspire, empower, and spread awareness—and Ava is just getting started. This remarkable young girl is proof that a little encouragement and a lot of passion can lead to incredible achievements. Here’s how Ava’s journey is making a difference and why her story is inspiring others who stutter. Finding Her Voice at the NSA One-Day Conference For kids who stutter, finding a supportive community can be life-changing. Ava’s experience at her first NSA one-day conference was just that—a space where she felt understood, supported, and empowered. Surrounded by others who share similar experiences, Ava discovered the confidence to use her voice and dream big. The event planted a seed that has since grown into an unstoppable drive to make an impact in her community and beyond. Changing Lives, One Book at a Time Ava is now on a mission to spread awareness and inspire others with her story. She’s delivering 24 books to her school library, each proudly featuring the words: “Kids Who Stutter Will Change the World.” These books aren’t just resources—they’re symbols of representation and possibility for other kids who stutter. The excitement doesn’t stop there. Ava’s efforts caught the attention of her school’s “News at 9” team, who are featuring her in an upcoming story. Through this platform, Ava is sharing her journey with her peers and showing them the power of determination and self-belief. But Ava isn’t stopping with her school. She’s actively working to connect with other schools in her district to deliver even more books, ensuring her message reaches as many kids as possible. Young Girl Who Stutters Setting Her Sights on the NSA Annual Conference in Denver July 2025 After experiencing the life-changing impact of the one-day conference, Ava is eager to attend the NSA’s National Conference in Denver. This multi-day event is packed with fun activities, engaging workshops, and opportunities to connect with other kids and families who stutter. The conference provides a safe and empowering environment where kids like Ava can build friendships, boost their confidence, and learn that stuttering doesn’t define them—it’s just one part of their unique story. The Power of Community for Kids Who Stutter Ava’s journey is a testament to the incredible impact that organizations like the NSA can have on children and their families. By creating spaces where kids who stutter can connect, share, and grow, the NSA is helping kids like Ava discover their voice and their potential. Through her actions, Ava is showing the world that kids who stutter don’t just have a voice—they have the power to change the world. Her journey is an inspiration to others who stutter and a reminder that no matter how big or small your actions may seem, they can create a ripple effect of positive change. How You Can Start Your Journey If Ava’s story has inspired you, consider attending an NSA Annual conference or connecting with a local chapter. These events provide a safe and supportive space for kids and adults who stutter to share their experiences, build confidence, and make lifelong connections. Whether you’re a parent of a child who stutters, an adult looking for community, or someone eager to learn more, the NSA offers a wealth of resources to help you on your journey. Find a local chapter or learn more about upcoming events. Final Thoughts Ava’s incredible journey is a shining example of what can happen when kids who stutter are supported and empowered. Through her courage, determination, and community, Ava is changing lives and inspiring others to find their voice. Are you ready to take the first step in your own journey? Connect with the NSA   today and discover the power of a community that believes in you.

Effective communication in the workplace is crucial for career success and building strong professional relationships. For people who stutter, this can involve additional challenges, but with the right strategies, you can communicate confidently and effectively in any setting. Here’s how to enhance your workplace communication skills, from public speaking to managing meetings and building rapport with colleagues. 1. Public Speaking Tips Public speaking can be intimidating, especially if you stutter. However, with preparation and practice, you can deliver compelling presentations and speak confidently in front of an audience. Prepare Thoroughly : Know your material inside and out. The more familiar you are with the content, the more confident you’ll feel. Practice your speech multiple times, focusing on key points and transitions. Practice with a Supportive Audience : Rehearse your presentation in front of friends, family, or a speech coach who can provide constructive feedback. Consider joining a supportive group like Toastmasters, which can offer a safe space to practice public speaking. Use Visual Aids : Incorporate visual aids like slides or handouts to support your speech. Visuals can help keep the audience engaged and provide you with cues to stay on track. Focus on Your Message, Not Your Stutter : Concentrate on delivering your message clearly and effectively, rather than worrying about your stutter. Your audience is more interested in what you have to say than how you say it. 2. Meeting Management Meetings are a common part of the workplace and can be a source of anxiety for people who stutter. However, with the right techniques, you can manage and participate in meetings effectively. Prepare and Plan Ahead : Before the meeting, review the agenda and prepare any points you want to discuss. This preparation can help you feel more confident and ensure you contribute effectively. Use Written Notes : Bring notes or an outline to help guide your contributions during the meeting. Having a written reference can help you stay focused and reduce anxiety. Set Clear Objectives : If you’re leading a meeting, set clear objectives and structure to keep the discussion on track. Send out an agenda beforehand and stick to it to ensure a productive meeting. Encourage Inclusive Participation : If you are facilitating the meeting, create an inclusive environment where everyone feels comfortable contributing. Encourage turn-taking and avoid interrupting others. Take Control of Your Speaking Opportunities : Don’t be afraid to assert yourself when you have something to say. You might start with, “I’d like to add…” or “Can I share my perspective on this?” to signal your intent to contribute. 3. Building Rapport with Colleagues Building strong relationships with colleagues is essential for a positive work environment and career growth. Here are some ways to build rapport, even if you stutter: Be Open and Honest : If you feel comfortable, consider being open about your stutter with colleagues. This transparency can foster understanding and empathy, helping to build stronger relationships and develop allies in the workplace. Listen Actively : Good communication isn’t just about speaking; it’s also about listening. Show genuine interest in your colleagues’ ideas and perspectives. This demonstrates respect and can help build mutual trust. Engage in Regular Communication : Regular check-ins and informal conversations can help build rapport. Take the initiative to connect with colleagues, whether it’s through email, messaging apps, or in-person chats. Find Common Ground : Look for shared interests or experiences with your colleagues to create connections. Whether it’s a hobby, a favorite book, or a shared goal at work, finding common ground can help strengthen your professional relationships. Use Positive Body Language : Non-verbal communication is just as important as what you say. Maintain eye contact, offer a genuine smile, and use open body language to convey approachability and confidence. 4. Navigating Challenging Workplace Communication Challenging conversations are inevitable in the workplace, whether it’s providing feedback, addressing a conflict, or negotiating with a colleague. Here’s how to navigate these conversations effectively: Stay Calm and Collected : Before engaging in a difficult conversation, take a moment to calm your nerves. Deep breathing or a brief walk can help clear your mind and prepare you to communicate more effectively. Plan Your Key Points : Think about the key points you want to communicate and how you can express them clearly and concisely. Preparing ahead of time can help you stay focused and avoid getting flustered. Use “I” Statements : Frame your feedback or concerns using “I” statements, such as “I feel…” or “I’ve noticed…”. This approach is less likely to make others feel defensive and helps keep the conversation constructive. Be Empathetic : Show empathy and understanding towards the other person’s perspective. Acknowledge their feelings and viewpoints, which can help de-escalate tension and foster a more collaborative discussion. Seek Solutions, Not Blame : Focus on finding solutions rather than assigning blame. Approach the conversation with a problem-solving mindset, aiming for a positive outcome for everyone involved. 5. Leveraging Technology for Better Communication Technology can be a valuable tool for enhancing workplace communication. Here’s how you can leverage it to your advantage: Use Messaging and Email Effectively : Written communication tools like email and instant messaging allow you to communicate clearly without the pressure of speaking. Use these tools to convey your ideas and keep colleagues informed. Participate in Virtual Meetings : If face-to-face meetings are challenging, suggest using video calls or virtual meetings. These platforms often have chat features that allow you to contribute without speaking, giving you more options for participation. Take Advantage of Communication Tools and Apps : Many apps and tools are designed to support people with communication challenges. Explore speech therapy apps, communication aids, and other technologies that can help you communicate more effectively in the workplace. 6. Building Confidence Over Time Improving workplace communication skills is an ongoing process that takes time and practice. Here are some tips for building confidence: Seek Feedback : Ask trusted colleagues or mentors for feedback on your communication skills. Constructive feedback can provide valuable insights and help you identify areas for improvement. Celebrate Small Wins : Acknowledge your progress, no matter how small. Each successful presentation, meeting contribution, or positive interaction is a step towards building greater confidence. Stay Positive and Persistent : Remember that communication skills develop over time. Stay positive, keep practicing, and remain persistent in your efforts to improve. Every effort you make contributes to your growth and success. Conclusion Effective workplace communication is essential for building a successful career and fostering strong professional relationships. By exploring these techniques—whether it’s mastering public speaking, managing meetings, or building rapport with colleagues—you can navigate the workplace with greater confidence and clarity. Remember, your ability to communicate effectively is not limited by your stutter; with the right strategies and mindset, you can excel in any professional setting.

If your child stutters, you may be looking for activities that help them feel more confident speaking without turning every conversation into practice. The goal shouldn’t be to make your child more fluent or to correct their speech, but to help them feel supported and comfortable when they talk. The National Stuttering Association (NSA) offers free kids’ activities that parents, caregivers, teachers, and speech-language pathologists can use at home, in the classroom, or in therapy. These resources include games, worksheets, creative prompts, and role-playing ideas designed to help children talk about stuttering, express themselves, and connect with others in a positive way. 1. Start with Games That Make Talking Feel Easier Games can be a helpful way to support a child who stutters because they shift the focus from “how” a child speaks to fun and participation. The NSA’s free activities include kid-friendly games that encourage conversation in a playful setting. Trivia, memory games, word games, and other interactive activities can give children chances to speak, listen, laugh, and take turns without feeling singled out. For parents, the most helpful part is often the low-pressure setting. You do not need to correct your child’s speech or ask them to start over. Simply playing together, waiting patiently, and showing interest in what they say can help build confidence. Read: Affirmation Cards for Kids Who Stutter Read: Interactive Sounds Scavenger Hunt: Playful Learning for Kids 2. Use Confidence-Building Activities Without Adding Pressure Many parents want to help their child feel more confident, but it can be hard to know what actually helps. Confidence does not come from forcing a child to speak more. It often grows when a child feels accepted, has positive speaking experiences, and knows they are not alone. Activities like puzzles, prompts, worksheets, and simple challenges can help kids reflect on their experiences and recognize their strengths. These activities can also give children words for feelings they may not yet know how to explain, such as frustration, embarrassment, pride, or relief. A helpful parent approach is to focus on effort, courage, creativity, and participation rather than fluency. For example, instead of praising “smooth speech,” you might say, “I loved hearing your idea,” or “Thank you for telling me that.” 3. Encourage Creative Expression Creative activities can be especially helpful for kids who stutter because they offer multiple ways to communicate. Drawing prompts, storytelling activities, writing exercises, and art-based projects can help children explore how they feel about stuttering in a safe and age-appropriate way. Some children may want to talk openly about stuttering. Others may prefer to draw, write, act something out, or answer a simple prompt. Creative activities give kids choices, which can make the experience feel more comfortable. Parents can support this by staying curious and calm. Let your child decide how much they want to share. The activity does not need to lead to a big conversation every time. Sometimes the benefit is simply giving your child space to express themselves. Read: When They’re No Longer Kids: Parenting a Young Adult Who Stutters Read: Top 10 Tips for Parents of School-Age Children Who Stutter 4. Try Role-Playing Everyday Speaking Situations Role-playing can help kids prepare for real-world speaking moments in a playful way. This might include pretending to order food, introducing themselves, answering a question in class, talking to a coach, or asking for help at a grocery store. The key is to keep role-playing light and supportive. The goal is to help your child feel more familiar with situations that may otherwise feel stressful. Parents can make role-playing easier by taking turns, using humor, and letting the child choose the scenario. You can also model patient listening and show that it is okay to pause, stutter, or take extra time. 5. Make Activities a Family Connection Point Kids who stutter benefit from knowing that the people around them are patient, accepting, and willing to listen. Group activities can help reinforce that message. Many NSA activities can be done with siblings, friends, classmates, or family members. Games, trivia, creative projects, and storytelling prompts can help children feel included rather than separated because of stuttering. For families, these activities can also open the door to more supportive conversations. A child may feel more comfortable talking about stuttering during a game or art activity than during a serious sit-down discussion. 6. Explore Free Kids’ Resources from the NSA The NSA offers a variety of free resources for kids who stutter, including: Printable worksheets that help children explore their thoughts and feelings about stuttering Drawing prompts for creative self-expression Role-playing activities for everyday speaking situations Trivia and word games that encourage interaction and participation Memory games that support fun, shared play Storytelling activities that help kids share experiences in their own way These resources can be useful for parents at home, teachers in the classroom, caregivers looking for supportive activities, and SLPs working with children who stutter. Read: Simple, Supportive Ways to Talk to Children About Stuttering Read: Back to School Tips for Students Who Stutter and Parents 7. Why These Activities Matter Games and activities for kids who stutter are not about fixing stuttering. They are about helping children feel more comfortable, capable, and supported. The right activities can help children: Build confidence in low-pressure speaking situations Express feelings about stuttering in age-appropriate ways Practice everyday communication without fear of correction Connect with family, friends, and peers Understand that stuttering is only one part of who they are When adults respond with patience and acceptance, children are more likely to feel safe sharing their thoughts, asking questions, and participating in conversations. How Parents Can Support a Child Who Stutters During Activities As you explore these resources, try to keep the focus on connection rather than fluency. A few simple habits can make activities more supportive: Give your child time to finish what they are saying Listen to the message, not the stutter Avoid interrupting, correcting, or finishing words for them Let your child choose activities that feel comfortable Praise ideas, effort, creativity, and participation Keep the experience playful and relaxed These small choices can help children feel that their voices are welcome exactly as they are. Access Free Activities for Kids Who Stutter If you are looking for free games, worksheets, and confidence-building activities for a child who stutters, visit the NSA’s Kids Activities Page. The resources are designed to help children explore stuttering, express themselves, and build connection in a supportive, low-pressure way. Access the free resources here.

Building a strong professional network is essential for career growth, and for people who stutter, it can be an opportunity to leverage your unique strengths. Networking isn’t just about meeting new people; it’s about creating meaningful connections that can lead to new opportunities, mentorship, and collaboration. Here’s how to position your unique strengths to connect with others and expand your professional network. 1. Understand Your Unique Value Before you start networking, it’s important to understand what makes you unique and how your experiences can add value. Identify Your Strengths : Reflect on the skills, experiences, and perspectives that set you apart. For people who stutter, qualities like resilience, empathy, and active listening are often highly developed and can be great assets in professional relationships. Create a Personal Elevator Pitch : Develop a concise and compelling introduction that highlights your strengths and what you bring to the table. This “elevator pitch” should be authentic and communicate your enthusiasm for your field or industry. For example, “Hi, I’m [Your Name], and I’m passionate about [your field]. My experience with [relevant background] has taught me the importance of [relevant skills], which I believe are crucial in any professional environment.”  2. Prepare for Networking Opportunities Preparation is key to feeling confident and making a positive impression during networking events or informal meetings. Research Ahead of Time : If you’re attending a networking event, research the attendees, speakers, and topics that will be discussed. This will help you identify people you want to connect with and prepare relevant questions or talking points. Set Goals : Before attending a networking event, set specific goals for what you want to achieve. Whether it’s meeting three new contacts, learning more about a particular industry, or finding a potential mentor, having clear objectives can help guide your interactions. Practice Conversations : Practice your introduction and some common networking questions with a friend or in front of a mirror. This will help you feel more comfortable starting conversations and reduce your anxiety about speaking. 3. Engage Actively in Networking Situations Networking is about building genuine relationships, not just collecting business cards. Here’s how to engage effectively: Listen More Than You Speak : Active listening is a powerful networking skill. Pay close attention to what others are saying, ask follow-up questions, and show genuine interest in their experiences and perspectives. This not only builds rapport, but also allows you to learn from others. Be Authentic and Honest : Be yourself and let your personality shine through! If you feel comfortable, be open about your stutter. This transparency can break down barriers and help you to connect with others on a more personal level. Many people will appreciate your honesty, and may even find it inspiring. Find Common Ground : Look for shared interests, experiences, or goals that can serve as a foundation for meaningful connection. Whether it’s a passion for a particular field, a common challenge, or a mutual contact, finding common ground can make your conversations more engaging and memorable. 4. Follow Up and Maintain Relationships Networking doesn’t end when the event does. Building a strong network requires ongoing effort and nurturing of relationships. Send a Thoughtful Follow-Up : After meeting someone new, send a follow-up email or message to thank them for their time and express your interest in staying in touch. Reference something specific from your conversation to show that you were genuinely engaged. Stay Connected : Keep in touch with your network by sharing articles, insights, or opportunities that might be of interest to them. Regular, thoughtful communication helps maintain and strengthen your professional relationships over time. Offer Value : Networking is a two-way street. Look for opportunities to help others in your network, whether it’s providing a referral, offering advice, or connecting them with someone who might be beneficial to their career. 5. Leverage Online Networking Platforms Online platforms can be powerful tools for expanding your professional network, especially for people who stutter. Optimize Your LinkedIn Profile : Ensure your LinkedIn profile is up-to-date and reflects your professional brand. Use your headline and summary to highlight your unique strengths and experiences. Join relevant groups and participate in discussions to increase your visibility and connect with like-minded professionals. Engage on Social Media : Use platforms like X (Twitter), Instagram, or industry-specific forums to engage with professionals in your field. Share insights, comment on posts, and join conversations to build your online presence and network. Attend Virtual Events : Many conferences and networking events are now held online, providing more accessible opportunities to connect with professionals worldwide. Take advantage of these virtual events to expand your network without the pressure of face-to-face interactions. 6. Overcome Networking Challenges Networking can be challenging, especially if you are self-conscious about your stutter. Here are some strategies to overcome common networking challenges: Focus on Quality, Not Quantity : It’s more important to build a few meaningful connections than to meet a large number of people. Focus on having in-depth conversations with a few individuals rather than trying to speak with everyone in the room. Practice Self-Compassion : Remember that everyone has their own insecurities and challenges. Be kind to yourself and recognize that networking is a skill that takes time to develop. Don’t be too hard on yourself if some interactions don’t go as planned. Seek Out Supportive Environments : Look for networking opportunities within organizations that understand and support people who stutter. Groups like the National Stuttering Association often host events and provide resources that can help you feel more comfortable and supported while networking. 7. Building Confidence Over Time Networking gets easier with practice and experience. Here’s how to build confidence as you expand your professional network: Start Small : Begin by networking in low-pressure environments, such as with friends of friends or at small, informal gatherings. As you become more comfortable, gradually expand to larger events. Reflect on Your Successes : After each networking experience, reflect on what went well and what you learned. Celebrate your successes, no matter how small, and use them as motivation to continue building your network. Stay Persistent and Open-Minded : Networking is a long-term process, and building a strong professional network takes time. Stay persistent, keep an open mind, and be willing to step out of your comfort zone to connect with new people. 8. Join Our Upcoming Events and Workshops Take advantage of networking opportunities specifically designed to support your professional growth. Join our upcoming events and workshops to connect with other professionals, gain valuable insights, and expand your network. Whether you're looking to improve your networking skills or find new career opportunities, our events provide a supportive environment to help you succeed. Learn More About Our Events and Workshops Effective networking is about building genuine, meaningful connections that can help you grow both professionally and personally. By understanding your unique strengths, preparing effectively, engaging authentically, and maintaining your relationships, you can expand your professional network and open doors to new opportunities. Remember, your stutter is just one part of who you are, and with confidence and the right approach, you can build a strong and supportive professional network.

As children who stutter grow older, they may encounter new challenges as they become more aware of their stuttering. As a parent, you play a crucial role in helping your child navigate this potentially difficult time. The National Stuttering Association (NSA) is here to remind you that support is available, and that you and your child are not alone in facing this journey with stuttering. Understanding the Journey By the time children reach school age, they often realize that their stuttering hasn’t simply "gone away" as they might have hoped. For many children, stuttering has been a part of their lives for years, leading to growing awareness and concern about their speech. This realization can bring increased frustration, making it essential for parents, teachers, clinicians, and others in the child’s environment to offer full support. It’s important for children to know that their stuttering may change over time and that things can get better. With the right support, children can gain confidence and become effective communicators, fostering a sense of hope and optimism as they develop coping strategies. The Role of Parents As a parent, your belief in your child's ability to succeed and grow is vital. Accepting that your child stutters is a crucial step toward avoiding the pursuit of "quick fixes" that may offer short-term relief but contribute to long-term concerns. Understanding and patience are key as you navigate treatment options and support your child’s journey with stuttering. To assist you during this transition, the NSA has created a network of parents who have been through similar experiences. Connecting with other parents and participating in NSA’s programming for families and exploring our resources can provide you with valuable insights and support, helping you to better assist your child. Key Facts to Remember Here are some essential points to keep in mind as you support your school-age child who stutters: Stuttering is not your child’s fault. Stuttering is not something your child is doing on purpose or because of something you - or they - did wrong. It’s simply a characteristic of how they produce speech. Changing speech is challenging. Your child may learn strategies in therapy to improve fluency, but using these strategies consistently is difficult. As a parent, trying these strategies yourself can help you appreciate your child’s efforts and understand the challenges they face. Stuttering varies. Your child’s fluency will fluctuate in different situations and on different days. During times of increased stuttering, your child may need more understanding from those around them, rather than pressure to find a quick solution. Help is available. Although there is no cure for stuttering, children can learn to build self confidence and improve their attitudes and communication skills over time. Finding a speech-language pathologist who specializes in stuttering and connecting with other families through the NSA can provide valuable support. Stuttering doesn’t have to hold your child back. With the right support, your child can achieve their goals without letting stuttering hold them back. Today, more than ever, we have the tools and knowledge to help children who stutter live full, confident lives. Moving Forward By keeping these key facts in mind, you can approach your child’s stuttering with greater understanding and acceptance. This attitude will not only help you cope more effectively, but it will also empower your child to develop a healthy, positive outlook on their speech and abilities. The NSA is here to support you and your child on this journey. Together, we can ensure that stuttering does not stand in the way of your child’s happiness and success.

Finding a job can be an inherently stressful experience. From meticulously preparing a resume to selecting the perfect outfit to appear professional, to facing the uncertainty of what questions may be asked in an interview, the process can be daunting. For most job seekers, the anxiety centers around these typical concerns. However, for individuals who stutter, introducing themselves can be the most challenging and determinative part of the process. Stuttering, a speech disorder that disrupts the fluency of sentences, affects approximately 79 million people worldwide, according to the National Stuttering Association (NSA). Larry, a neuroscience student at the University of Southern California, is one of these individuals. Despite his stutter, Larry maintains a positive outlook while searching for employment and offers valuable advice for young adults facing similar challenges. “I’ve encountered biases when applying for jobs,” Larry explains. “It starts with introducing yourself with your name and usually a handshake. I have trouble with my L’s, so it makes me less confident when I stutter on my first name. For some reason, it seems like employers then don’t want to get to know me.” Securing a job depends on various factors, but unfortunately, no regulation can fully shield a person with a speech disorder from the biases they may encounter. Research indicates that individuals who stutter face unique challenges in the workplace. Employers often hold negative perceptions of individuals who stutter, viewing them as less competent, confident, and suitable for employment opportunities. These biases can lead to discriminatory practices in hiring, promotion, and workplace interactions. A study by Melanie Hurst and Eugene Cooper in 1983 found that 85% of employers felt stuttering decreased a person’s employability and opportunities for promotion. Employers, under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), can hire someone who can perform “the fundamental job duties that you must be able to perform on your own or with the help of a reasonable accommodation,” but, “an employer cannot refuse to hire you because your disability prevents you from performing duties that are not essential to the job.” Larry has been in the restaurant industry for several years and has grown close to his current bosses. However, he acknowledges the necessity of being assertive about his stutter. “The best thing to do, in my opinion, is tell them I have a stutter outright when introducing yourself,” he advises. “They should know that my stutter doesn’t affect my thinking, my work, or anything cognitive. When meeting a potential employer, reactions to my stutter have generally been positive, but sometimes they overcompensate, making my stutter seem like more than just a speech disorder. I set boundaries.” The overcompensation is usually finishing a person’s sentence, and this is something that is angering for someone with a stutter. While job searching on platforms like Indeed or LinkedIn, the ADA regulations ensure that job postings do not disqualify a person due to a disability. However, stigmas surrounding speech disorders persist. Larry expressed frustration with articles like one that is titled “Best Jobs for Someone Living with a Speech Impediment.” Larry viewed this article as discouraging rather than helpful. “Articles like this box people in,” he says. “It’s like saying these are the best jobs for you, ignoring the individual interests of the job seeker. Having a stutter has nothing to do with brain capacity; people with stutters can do whatever they want.” Pamela Mertz, who initiated an employment advocacy program through the NSA, shares Larry’s sentiments. She is passionate about educating employers about stuttering. “Stuttering is covered under the ADA, which came into effect in 1990, and the revised ADA in 2010 expanded its coverage to include any disability that impairs major life activities,” she explains. Despite these legal protections, stigmas, and lack of awareness among employers lead to inconsistent enforcement and unintentional discrimination. Research by Marshall Rice and Robert Kroll in 1994 highlighted the impact of stuttering in the workplace. According to their study, 67.6% of 410 working individuals felt their capabilities were misjudged by their supervisors due to their stutter. This form of linguistic discrimination remains a significant barrier. Pamela was inspired to create her initiative based on her experiences with employers. WeStutter@Work is a place for educating and helping people with stutters gain confidence in job interviews. The program includes education on speech disorders, interview strategies, and workplace accommodations. The act of hiding one stutter is called “covert stuttering,” Pamela describes, and it is, “out of fear of being misunderstood.” The program provides a better sense of self confidence when speaking to an employer, or really, anyone they encounter. She proudly states, “The best way forward with job interviews and employment success is through outreach and education, which is what we strive to do with our employment advocacy programs.” A common question Pamela receives is, “How do I tell an employer that I stutter?” She suggests a straightforward approach: “I stutter, and I just want you to know that I’m okay with that; I hope you are too.” This positive framing helps set a constructive tone for the interview. Pamela’s advocacy and positive attitude inspire others with stutters to approach job searching with confidence, fostering a more inclusive and understanding workplace environment. For Pamela, stuttering is not an impediment. “I don’t feel like my stuttering impedes me,” she says. Her attitude and work serve as a beacon for others, demonstrating that stuttering need not limit one’s professional aspirations or success. The impact of stuttering on employment is well-documented. A comprehensive study published in the  Journal of Fluency Disorders,  which is a scholarly collection of research articles, found that individuals who stutter often experience lower employment rates and lower incomes compared to their fluent peers. This disparity is attributed to the persistent stereotypes and misconceptions about stuttering. Employers may incorrectly assume that a stutter reflects nervousness, lack of competence, or poor communication skills, none of which are true. Moreover, the lack of awareness about stuttering extends beyond the hiring process. Pamela describes how boundaries are a very important element to respect and this goes for everyone and not just someone with a stutter. “If it takes a person a minute for them to get their name out, that can be so awkward, but with respect and patience and kindness, I believe that if you’re shaking somebody’s hand upon meeting them for the first time you hold their hand as long as it takes,” exclaimed Pamela. Once employed, individuals who stutter may face ongoing challenges in the workplace. These can include being overlooked for promotions, receiving fewer opportunities for professional development, and experiencing social isolation. Public perception and media representation of stuttering also play a crucial role in shaping attitudes. Historically, stuttering has been portrayed in a negative light in films and television, reinforcing harmful stereotypes. However, recent efforts by organizations like the NSA aim to change this narrative. Educational initiatives targeting both the public and specific professional sectors, such as education and healthcare, are vital. Teachers, for instance, play a critical role in shaping the attitudes of young people. Educating teachers about stuttering can foster a more supportive and inclusive environment for students who stutter, potentially reducing the long-term impact of negative experiences. While legal frameworks like the ADA provide necessary protections for individuals who stutter, much work remains to be done to address the deep-rooted stigmas and misconceptions surrounding stuttering. Efforts by advocates like Pamela Mertz and Larry, combined with education and programs, such as WeStutter@Work, are crucial for creating a more inclusive society. A final piece of encouragement Pamela gave for someone job searching if they have a speech disorder is, “I know people who stutter at varying degrees and are doctors, lawyers, teachers...every industry possible.” By increasing awareness and understanding, we can ensure that individuals who stutter have equal opportunities to succeed in their professional and personal lives. Resources Hurst, Melanie & Cooper, Eugene, Employer attitudes toward stuttering,  Journal of Fluency Disorders , 8, 1–12 (1983) National Stuttering Association Rice, Marshall & Kroll, Robert, The Impact of Stuttering at Work: Challenges and Discrimination, Minnesota State University, (1994) Americans with Disabilities Act

Medication for stuttering has always captured the imagination of people who stutter and their families. In the future we are not likely to see a magic fluency pill, but the combination of speech therapy and new pharmaceuticals may reduce the severity of stuttering. Stuttering is classified as a neuropsychiatric disorder, and much has been learned in the past two decades about some of the underlying physiologic differences in the brains of people who stutter. Significant research has indicated that stuttering may be related to an abnormality in the function of the naturally occurring brain chemical, or neurotransmitter, dopamine. Going back forty years, medications that lowered the activity of dopamine in the brain were found to be effective in reducing the severity of stuttering. Unfortunately, many of these older medications had side effects such as movement disorders and sexual dysfunction. Two decades ago a new class of dopamine-blocking medications was developed. These medications are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in other dopamine-based disorders such as bipolar disorder, Tourette’s Disorder and Schizophrenia. Studies, many conducted in the rigorous design of having a placebo control (patients taking fake pills as a comparison) and being double-blind (neither doctor or patient know who’s taking the real pill), found these medications also to be effective in reducing the symptoms of stuttering. These novel second-generation antipsychotic medications are still being modified. The newest versions have fewer side effects than the earlier compounds with less weight gain, sedation and lacking sexual side effects. With the growing evidence, physicians can legally prescribe these medications for stuttering in adults and teens because the compounds are FDA-approved for other conditions. However, no company has so far invested the hundreds of millions of dollars required to gain official FDA approval to market these drugs for specifically for stuttering. The University of California Riverside School of Medicine and the Kirkup Center for the Medical Treatment of Stuttering will soon begin a trial of a compound that has received FDA clearance to begin testing specifically for stuttering. Pagoclone was a compound that was being investigated for FDA approval on stuttering. Unfortunately, the testing occurred at the time of the economic collapse and further funding was not pursued. The compound showed initial promise in the treatment of stuttering with suggestions that higher dosages may be effective in stuttering. This medication did not act on dopamine but rather on GABA, a neurotransmitter that has not been as clearly implicated in stuttering as dopamine. Many of the novel, second-generation antipsychotic medications have approval for use in adolescents suffering from other neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacologic treatment of stuttering can be considered in older adolescents and adults when speech therapy has proven to be unsuccessful or being met with significant relapse. Psychiatrists are the physicians best schooled in the prescription of this class of medication. Although not everyone treated may show a beneficial response, the evidence continues to grow that such treatment may be a viable option for those suffering from stuttering. Many individuals with stuttering also suffer from social anxiety related to their speech and the psychiatrist has many tools at his/her disposal, including psychotherapy and medication, to effectively treat these symptoms. It’s likely that over the years, we eventually will have studies showing that medication combined with speech therapy will prove to be more effective than either treatment alone. At this point, these combined treatments will not be a cure but definitely can be effective in reducing the severity of stuttering. By Gerald A. Maguire, MD, DFAPA, Professor and Chair, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, UC Riverside School of Medicine.  For more information contact UC Riverside School of Medicine and the Kirkup Center via Gerald.maguire@ucr.edu .