A recent New York Times article, “The New Science of Stuttering,” begins with Dr. Gerald Maguire. He is a clinical psychiatrist and a person who stutters (PWS). His own experience drives his research on medications that may help PWS. “I’m always shocked by how little physicians know about stuttering,” he says. The article then shares other researchers’ views on the evidence and treatment goals. New Stuttering Research Calls for Informed Choices Dr. Maguire’s team is studying whether medications used for psychiatric conditions could help treat stuttering. Research into other possible treatments includes vitamin supplements and psilocybin, the active substance in psychedelic mushrooms. Eric Jackson is a researcher at New York University and a PWS. He questions how much research has improved speech therapy. “I would argue that the science on stuttering in the past 30 years has done very little, if anything, to improve speech therapy options for people who stutter,” he says. Jackson also notes that many of the medication studies were small. Much of this work came from the same research team. Small studies can offer useful clues. Larger studies and work by other teams can help check those results. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any medication specifically for stuttering. Some medications approved for other conditions are prescribed off-label for stuttering, such as aripiprazole and citalopram. This is called off-label use. A doctor can explain what is known about its benefits and risks for stuttering. We encourage you to learn about a treatment before deciding whether to try it. Use trusted sources and discuss your questions with a doctor or speech-language pathologist. You can use these questions when reviewing your options: What research supports this treatment for PWS? How many people took part in the studies? Have other research teams found similar results? What are the possible side effects and costs? What time or effort does it require? How will we know if it is helping me reach my goals? Other people’s experiences can be useful, but your results may differ. Speech Therapy Can Address More Than Fluency This topic is part of a decades-long debate about how to treat stuttering. Historically, stuttering has been treated by speech-language pathologists using a fluency-shaping approach that emphasizes reducing disfluencies. Modern therapy often takes an acceptance-based approach and focuses on improving the client's quality of life and joy of speaking. Diane Paul of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) discusses this in the article, explaining that speech can become tiring when therapy focuses only on reducing stuttering. “It turns speaking into an exhaustive process where you have to think about every word you want to say,” she says. ASHA’s guidance also supports care based on each person’s needs and goals. That can include changes in speech and ways to make daily conversations easier. A person who avoids speaking at work might want to share an idea in a meeting. Someone else might want to speak with less muscle tension. Both goals can be part of speech therapy. Stuttering Support Should Reflect Individual Goals At the National Stuttering Association (NSA), we support people at every stage of their experience with stuttering. We respect what works for you. We want you to have clear information so you can make choices that fit your goals. Some people want help with speech or muscle tension. Others want to feel more at ease stuttering openly. Your goals may include both, and they may change over time. You can accept yourself as a PWS and still seek treatment. You can also focus on self-acceptance and support from others without seeking treatment. Your goals should help guide the care you receive. We also work to help listeners understand stuttering and treat PWS with respect. Read “The New Science of Stuttering” in The New York Times. Requires a subscription.

Returning as a tool for people who stutter, this board is designed to ignite ideas, foster confidence, and inspire action as we advocate for individuals with stuttering in the workplace. Whether you are still exploring what it means to share your stutter with others, practicing small steps toward disclosure, or openly stuttering with pride, this 2027 Bingo Board offers something for every point on the spectrum. This Board is extra special since it was created collaboratively by participants of WeStutter@Work’s Advocacy, Your Way webinar during ISAD of 2026. Each of the fifteen squares highlights a different way you can show up for yourself, educate others, and help create workplaces that welcome and support individuals who stutter. You are in control of your own four-in-a-row! There are intentionally marked ‘free’ and blank squares. This ‘free’ square automatically helps you toward a Bingo. If you saw this Bingo online, printed it, or posted it in your office, you are already practicing a proactive mindset toward advocacy! The blank square allows you to brainstorm an idea rooted in advocacy that feels right for you and your environment. If you need some ideas for the blank space, try thinking about how you can spread awareness about International Stuttering Awareness Day or National Stuttering Awareness Week (e.g., adding these dates to your workplace calendar, sharing flyers about the dates ahead of time). If you are feeling bold, can you print the stuttering awareness flag and hang it in your office? Can you volunteer to participate in the WeStutter@Work Mentorship Program? Ultimately, it is your choice! Let this be a place for growth, safe experimentation, and connection. However you choose to engage, you’re contributing to a future where stuttering is not only recognized, but welcomed warmly. Start 2027 by stuttering strongly! This Bingo Board gives credit to all who participated in the Advocacy, Your Way webinar during ISAD of 2026: Chris Monello, Mia Woltman, Adam Werth, Ed Rankin, Tanya Banks, Emad Khattab, Alonzo Jones, Barry Shaul, Abhishek Agarwal, Mike Martinez, Tashika Lewis, Robb Hurt, William Hacock, Erin Main, Rajvinder Singh, Cullen Blazek, Jeremiah Williams, Krystle Sahal, Andrew Herrick

Active & Previously Approved Stuttering Research Studies The National Stuttering Association (NSA) reviews and approves stuttering-related research studies to help ensure ethical standards, transparency, and respect for people who stutter. This page includes a regularly updated list of active stuttering research studies currently recruiting participants, as well as previously approved studies whose approval periods have concluded. Inclusion on this list indicates that a study has been reviewed by the NSA Research Committee. It does not imply endorsement of specific findings or outcomes. Active Stuttering Research Studies (Currently approved and recruiting participants) RESEARCH TITLE RESEARCHER(S) EXPIRES How Do Teens Who Stutter Define Stuttering Amir Hossein 06/30/2027 Effects of Psilocybin on Speech Fluency, Struggle, and Brain activity in People who Stutter Dr. Eric Jackson 11/05/2026 Childhood Stuttering: Risk Factors to Social Anxiety Dr. Kim Bauerly 10/11/2027 The Impact of Acceptance of Stuttering on the Use of Fluency Strategies in Adults Who Stutter Seabrook Easterling 10/11/2027 Social Network Analysis of Youth who Stutter Dr. Naomi Rodgers 10/11/2027 Neural Mechanisms Of Socially Driven Variability in Stuttering Courtney Luckman 10/11/2027 Self-Disclosure and Psychological Resilience in Adults Who Stutter: A Mixed-Methods Study of Relationships, Influencing Factors, and Lived Experiences Ladan Khoshbin 07/31/2027 Urinary Metabolic Profiles in Adults Who Stutter: A Descriptive Study of Biological Diversity Dr. Gregory Snyder 06/29/2027 Speech Accessibility Project – Stuttered Speech Collection for Inclusive Speech AI Dr. Shaomei Wu 06/18/2027 Discussing Observable Disability Survey Dr. Kathleen Bogart 06/17/2027 Dopamine and sensorimotor function in stuttering Dr. Hantao Wang 03/31/2027 OratorSync: Exploring the Types, Causes, and Treatments of Stuttering while Developing and Testing AI Tools to Help Mitigate it Ojas Desai (High School Scholar) 12/21/2026 Relationship Between Stuttering and Intimate Partner Violence Leah Mumpower 03/08/2027 Coping Flexibility and Psychosocial Well-being of Adults Who Stutter Sadaf Salehi 02/22/2027 Hot and Cool Executive Function of Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter Matt Hopper 02/17/2027 Career Advice Reported by People Who Stutter Samiksha Gaur 02/17/2027 Self-help for stuttering: More than mutual aid Molly Stevenson 02/17/2027 Stuttering and Sleep: Does it Matter? Kenzie Beard 02/17/2027 Neural and Behavioral Error Responses in Adults who Stutter Shogo Honda 02/17/2027 Exploring Adults’ Lived Experiences of Stuttering Through a Trauma-Informed Lens Dr. Naomi Rodgers 02/17/2027 Stuttering in Daily Life Research Study Dr. Jeanne Nakamura 12/31/2026 Acceptance as Agency: Rethinking Fluency Strategy Use in Adults Who Stutter Seabrook Easterling, Jennifer Atkins M.S., CCC-SLP, and Xia Jing, M.D. & Ph.D. 11/1/2026 If you have any questions about the research process or would like to know more about a specific project, please contact the NSARC Chair Angela Medina, Ph.D., CCC-SLP. Previously Approved Recruitment Projects (2022–2026) (Approval period has ended) Research Title Researcher(s) Approved Until Linguistic preferences in adults who stutter Dr. Mahmoud Elsherif 10/16/2026 Audiovisual Integration in People Who Stutter Dr. David Jenson 6/22/2026 Genetic and metabolic bases of developmental stuttering Dr. Joan Orpella 6/22/2026 Systematic client feedback in speech-language treatment Dr. Kerry Ebert 6/5/2026 Development of authentic avatars for clinical education in stuttering Dr. Shelley Brundage 6/5/2026 Social Anxiety, Worry, and the Experience of Stuttering Dr. Seth Tichenor 6/5/2026 Network Connectivity and Temporal Processing in Adolescents Who Stutter Dr. Shanley Treleaven 2/23/2026 Listener Perception and Childhood Stuttering Haley Warner 5/01/2025 Quantifying Variability in Stuttering in the Real World Dr. J. Scott Yaruss 6/14/2025 Social Network Analysis in Adults Who Stutter Dr. Naomi Rodgers 6/14/2025 Impact of Support Group Conferences on Teens Joy Kling 6/16/2025 AI Accessibility for People Who Stutter Dr. J. Scott Yaruss 6/17/2025 Parent Survey: Preschoolers Who Stutter Ryan Millager 10/22/2025 Real-Time Listener Reactions & Stuttering Courtney Margulis 10/22/2025 Sequencing & Initiation in Speech Production Dr. Frank Guenther 10/22/2025 Hope, Humor & Self-Stigma in Adults Who Stutter Dr. Laura Plexico 10/22/2025 Stuttering Mindsets Megan Arney 10/28/2025 An online compassionate imagery intervention for people who stutter/stammer: A feasibility study Benjamin Farmer 9/30/2025 Rhythm Production and Processing in Children and Adults Who Stutter Janina Boecher 10/22/2024 Exploring Sensorimotor and Interoceptive Awareness in Stuttering Hazel Malcolm 10/22/2024 Multiple Stigmas, Social Identities, and Stuttering Dr. James Mancinelli 10/22/2024 Temporal Processing in Adults Who Stutter Samira Anderson 10/22/2024 Parents of Individuals Who Stutter: Experiences & Stages of Change Sadaf Salehi 10/22/2024 Acknowledging Stuttering with Preschoolers Dr. Cara Singer 10/22/2024 Social Isolation and the Experience of Stuttering Seth Tichenor 10/22/2024 Transitions to Life After High School Dr. Naomi Rodgers 06/22/2024 Migrants to the U.S. Who Stutter Dr. Victoria Reynolds 06/20/2024 Effectiveness of a Mindfulness App Juhee Kim 06/20/2024 Variability in Fluency and Psychological Impact Eddie Brown 06/19/2024 Trait Mindfulness and the Experience of Stuttering Megan Arney 06/19/2024 Anticipation of Stuttering and the PAiS Robert Bies 02/22/2024 Understanding the Experience of Stuttering and Cluttering Dr. J. Scott Yaruss 06/14/2024 Neural Oscillations and Speech Perception in Stuttering Dr. Shanley Treleaven 06/20/2024 What Do People Who Stutter Want From Speech Therapy? Matthew Phillips 07/24/2024 Linguistic and Cognitive Factors in Stuttering Dr. Zoi Gkalitsiou 02/22/2024 Spanish-Language Support Group Study Dr. Angela Medina 02/14/2024 For any questions about research, or to learn more about specific projects, please contact the NSARC Chair Angela Medina, Ph.D., CCC-SLP.

Written by: Lexi Hewitt, NSA Content Contributor Representation is powerful, especially in communication. Books that highlight stuttering create understanding and empathy and empower students who stutter to see their voices reflected in stories. For classmates, these books foster compassion. For children or teens who stutter, they affirm that their experiences are valid and that their voices matter. From representation in elementary school libraries to middle school reading assignments, these resources help classrooms build a culture of acceptance and celebrate communication in all its forms. Here is a curated list of age-appropriate titles to easily expand your classroom library. The following book list contains affiliate links. The NSA may earn a commission from qualifying purchases at no additional cost to you. Picture Books About Stuttering for Kids Ages 3-8 Picture books that introduce stuttering, help children understand differences in the way people communicate, and encourage positive conversations about stuttering. Finn Finds His Voice by Travis Althouse Written by a speech therapist who stutters, Finn Finds His Voice is a new, uplifting children’s book about courage, resilience, and self-acceptance, showing that every voice is worth sharing. I Talk Like a River by Jordan Scott A poetic and visually stunning picture book that captures the emotional experience of stuttering through nature imagery. A must-have for every classroom. Zoya: The Stuttering Star by Sathvega Somasundaram The story of a young girl who dreams of becoming a superhero but feels different because she stutters. When she discovers that her words spark magic, she embraces her uniqueness, earns the name “The Stuttering Star,” and inspires others to see their differences as strengths. Sydney’s Special Voice by Kelly Nixon Written by an author who stutters, this heartwarming story follows Sydney as he learns to embrace his special voice, build confidence, and recognize the importance of supportive friends. Stutterland by Wendy Aguilar Inside the whimsical journey to Stutterland, children meet others who stutter, reminding them they are not alone. With heartfelt storytelling and painterly illustrations, this book helps turn stuttering from something hidden and intimidating into something children can understand, discuss, and face with hope. Stutterland: The Reactions We See by Wendy Aguilar This sequel encourages children to explore the emotions that can come with stuttering while building empathy for both themselves and the people around them, and asks the reader to consider the many emotions, uncertainties, and misunderstandings that can exist within moments of communication. Just Ask!: Be Different, Be Brave, Be You by Sonia Sotomayor Featuring a character who stutters, Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor and artist Rafael López created a beautiful book that celebrates differences as kids, all special in their own way, build a community garden together. Brayden Speaks Up: A Story About Stuttering by Brayden Harrington In this inspiring nonfiction picture book, thirteen-year-old Brayden Harrington shares his empowering national speech, encouraging everyone to embrace their voice. Unstuck by Stephen Groner Written by a speech-language pathologist who stutters, "Unstuck" follows two children who stutter. With down-to-earth prose and vibrant illustrations, it offers children who stutter an empowering message of hope. Steggie's Stutter (Dinosaur Friends) by Jack Hughes Steggie struggles to speak because of her stutter, leaving her unable to warn her friends about the dangerous Dark Forest before they get into trouble. This charming tale offers young readers gentle guidance on patience, friendship, and accepting differences. When Oliver Speaks! by Kimberly Garvin Written by a 13-year-old boy and his mother, the story follows a main character who doesn't want to give a class presentation and puts it off until the last day. He works with his mother to embrace his stutter and tackle the assignment head-on. Perfect for the Back to School season! Stuttering Stan Takes A Stand by Artie Knapp Teased and bullied for his stuttering, Stanley the squirrel refuses to show that his feelings are hurt until one day he learns an important lesson from a new friend. Something to Say about Stuttering by Eden Molineux Each book in the “Something to Say” series, written by a speech-language pathologist, features a character with a communication difference. This book features Alex, who loves dirt biking, soccer, and helping his mom with his sister. He also stutters and shares what it's like for him, along with ways to make communication easier. When the Stammer Came to Stay by Maggie O'Farrell Award-winning author Maggie O’Farrell, who wrote “Hamnet,” draws on her own experience with stammering/stuttering to show how it can affect self-esteem, while the support of loved ones, especially a sibling, can help you rediscover who you are. Stuttering Henry by Henry Charles Henry is an elementary school student who is smart, outgoing, and supported by his family. He loves learning but struggles to participate in class. One day, he is called on to read aloud and gets an unexpected response. What do you think will happen next? Ben Has Something to Say: A Story About Stuttering by Laurie Lears To help a neglected dog he sees at a junkyard, Ben, who stutters, begins to confront his fear of speaking. Adventures of a Stuttering Superhero: Adventure #1 Interrupt-itis by Kim Block Melissa is a brave superhero who stutters and confronts a student who keeps interrupting her and finishing her sentences. Join Melissa on her journey as she tries to cure him of his interrupt-itis and see how she ultimately figures out how to stop him. Adventures of a Stuttering Superhero: Adventure #2: Melissa Meets her Stamily by Kim Block In this sequel, superhero Melissa attends her first stuttering community event. Meeting adults and kids who stutter inspires her, leading to lifelong friendships and revealing the true meaning of "Stamily." Books for Kids & Tweens (Ages 8-12) Stories that explore stuttering, communication, friendship, and being yourself—great for kids and tweens who stutter and anyone who wants to better understand stuttering. Tales of Mischief, Mayhem and Mirth by Danielle Rossi This graphic novel follows Franky Banky, a stuttering fox, who stumbles through hilarious misadventures while explaining his speech to others and dealing with unsolicited advice, as well as the funny looks he gets when he speaks. Paperboy by Vince Vawter A Newbery Honor novel about an 11-year-old boy who stutters and takes over a friend’s paper route in 1950s Memphis. As he navigates new challenges, difficult encounters, and the realities of growing up in the segregated South, he begins to find confidence in his own voice. A powerful coming-of-age story about courage, resilience, and learning that stuttering doesn’t have to define who you are. Copyboy by Vince Vawter In this sequel, a Fall 2018 Junior Library Guild selection, copyboy Victor’s college plans are delayed by a final request from his mentor, Mr. Spiro, and a gathering storm that tests his journey—while also introducing someone special who changes Victor’s life. Manboy by Vince Vawter The final Paperboy novel follows 21-year-old Victor as he looks forward to a reunion after three years, but Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination disrupts his weekend plans. Set during a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement, it shows our main character what it means to be an adult. Jayson Goes for It! by Brayden Harrington Eighth-grader Jayson thrives on the basketball court with his friends, brushing off classmates who tease him for his stutter. But when his best friend Gloria is barred from the debate team because of her speech, Jayson realizes he must take a stand. This middle-grade debut explores the courage it takes to advocate for what is right, showing that any voice can make a difference. Wildoak by C.C Harrington To escape the pressures of school and the constant effort to hide her stutter, Maggie hesitantly travels to stay with her little-known grandfather in Wildoak Forest. Told through alternating perspectives, Wildoak is a beautifully crafted story of empathy and connection that weaves together the human, animal, and natural worlds. The Boy Who Made Everyone Laugh by Helen Rutter Billy Plimpton, an eleven-year-old with a big dream of becoming a stand-up comedian, wants to deliver punch lines and captivate audiences. But his stutter makes it tough—how will he find his voice if it doesn’t let him speak? Who Do You See? The Struggles of a Teenager Who Stutters by Sean George A thoughtful story about a teenager who stutters and the unfair biases, stereotypes, and misconceptions he encounters because of the way he speaks. Through his experiences and his mother's encouragement, he learns to look beyond what others think of him and focus on his own strengths, dreams, and future. Draw Your Stutter by Daniele Rossi Join Franky Banky, a fox who stutters, and his sidekick Ti-Ger, a tiger who represents Franky Banky’s stutter, on a fun, creative journey to design your own cartoon character based on your stutter. Logan's Legendary Voice by Veronica R. Washington An empowering middle-grade story about Logan, a creative young boy who stutters and struggles with self-doubt and stage fright. With support from his friends and family, Logan learns to embrace his voice and discover the strength in being himself. Books can open the door to empathy, challenge misconceptions, and create classrooms where students who stutter feel truly seen. Whether you’re a parent reading a bedtime story to your children or a teacher planning a read-aloud for middle schoolers, these recommended titles from the NSA provide powerful entry points for conversations about stuttering and communication diversity. You can browse and purchase these picture book titles on our Amazon Storefront, which directly supports the world's largest nonprofit organization dedicated to people of all ages who stutter, as well as their families and professionals. Looking for more classroom resources, activities, or professional support? Visit WeStutter.org, where the National Stuttering Association is here to help.

Why Sibling Conversations Matter A child’s stutter affects the whole family, and siblings often notice differences in communication without fully understanding them. How you talk to siblings about stuttering can shape both their relationship with their brother or sister and how the child who stutters sees themselves. No matter if your children are toddlers, tweens, or teens, having open conversations helps nurture empathy, prevent teasing, and create a more supportive home. Talking about stuttering early—and often—makes a difference. This blog offers age-appropriate ways to guide those conversations, build understanding, and strengthen sibling bonds. “In many ways, parenting a child who stutters is not different from parenting a child who doesn’t stutter; it is about meeting each child's unique needs.” — Stacey Nierman, parent of a child who stutters Start with a Clear Message Before you adjust the conversation for your child’s age, one message applies across the board: Stuttering is okay. It is how some people talk and nothing to be ashamed of. Children tend to follow the emotional lead of the adults around them. If you speak about stuttering with ease, acceptance, and warmth, siblings are more likely to do the same. “Our first Annual Conference in Dallas had a deep impact on everyone in our family. Most importantly, my older two children learned about the challenges people who stutter face. They left the Conference with friends who stutter and an understanding that making fun of their brother's stutter was off limits. I would not have been able to teach them this as effectively as their peers did. As I've heard many times at NSA Conferences, the obstacle is the path and no one gets through life unscathed.” — Liz Gómez, parent of a child who stutters Talking to Toddlers and Preschoolers Young children may not have the words to describe stuttering, but they are observant. They may notice that their sibling talks differently and ask direct questions. Here are some ways to respond: “Yes, your brother sometimes takes longer to say his words. That is how he talks and it is okay. Please be patient and listen to him like anyone else.” “Everyone talks differently. We all use our voices in different ways.” At this age, it is helpful to model patience and full attention. Show your toddler that it is okay to wait, listen, and let their sibling finish speaking. Avoid making stuttering into something secret or “wrong.” Normalize it just like you would any other difference in the family. Talking to Elementary-Age Kids School-age children are developing empathy and reasoning. They may ask more complex questions, especially if they have noticed other kids reacting to their sibling’s speech. Your goal in these conversations is to give them information, encourage compassion, and remind them that their support matters. Try these talking points: “Stuttering is part of how your sister talks. It is not her fault and she is not doing anything wrong.” “Sometimes talking can feel hard for her and it helps when people wait and listen.” “You can show her you care by being patient and not interrupting.” Let them know it is perfectly okay to ask questions. Give honest, age-appropriate answers without judgment or fear. If teasing comes up at home or school, use it as a learning opportunity to reinforce kindness and respect. Talking to Tweens and Teens Older siblings may feel unsure how to respond to stuttering in public or at school. They may even feel protective or frustrated. It is important to give them space to talk honestly, while continuing to reinforce your family’s values of acceptance and support. Here are some ways to open the conversation: “Have you noticed how your brother feels when he is talking and people interrupt him?” “What do you think it is like for him when others laugh or rush him?” “How do you think you can support him when you are together?” At this age, you can also encourage siblings to be advocates when they feel ready. That might mean standing up to teasing, explaining stuttering to a friend, or just offering quiet support in everyday conversations. Let them know it is not their job to fix or speak for their sibling, but that being a kind and supportive brother or sister makes a real difference. What to Do When Questions or Conflicts Arise Even in the most supportive homes, siblings may sometimes get frustrated, compete for attention, or accidentally say something hurtful. When this happens, try to respond with curiosity rather than correction. For example: “I noticed you were upset earlier. Can we talk about what was going on?” “It seemed like your sister felt hurt when you said that. Let us think together about a better way to say it next time.” Avoid framing stuttering as a burden. Instead, talk about how every family member has different strengths and needs. These conversations help build emotional intelligence and show your children how to navigate differences with compassion. “One struggle we face is when our stuttering child starts talking to us when we are already doing something and aren’t entirely ready to listen. He gets frustrated with us because he thinks we aren’t listening due to his stutter. However, it’s because we were already talking to someone else or focused on a different task, such as working, doing household chores, or listening to something with our AirPods in. In these instances, we let him know it wasn’t his stutter that caused us not to hear, but we were in the middle of something. Then we will give him our attention to listen truly.” — Stacey Nierman Let Your Child Who Stutters Take the Lead Whenever possible, include your child who stutters in these conversations. Ask them how they want their siblings to respond when they are speaking. Give them space to share their feelings and experiences. Some children may want to explain stuttering in their own words. Others may prefer that parents do the talking. Respect their preferences and revisit the topic regularly as everyone grows and changes. By including the child who stutters in sibling conversations, you give them ownership of their voice and show that their experience matters. Talking to siblings about stuttering is not a one-time conversation. It is an ongoing opportunity to build empathy, strengthen relationships, and create a family culture where every voice is valued. “Being a parent to a child who stutters has forced us to slow down and focus our attention on being active listeners. We also model this for our non-stuttering children, specifically not interrupting or finishing sentences.” — Stacey Nierman When parents normalize stuttering, respond with compassion, and guide conversations with honesty and care, siblings learn to do the same. From the first words your children speak to the steps they take toward adulthood, what you say helps shape how they—and their siblings—understand what it means to stutter. “A hard thing for parents to do is to pay equal attention to their kids, and it can be harder to do that if one needs more attention via therapies, etc., but you need to find ways to do so. One example is going to the NSA Conference. We go early to have a few days to vacation just as a family, then when the event starts, it’s more about Ethan, our son who stutters, and his friends. We think this helps prevent jealousy.” — Linda Twiss Gioscia, parent of a child who stutters Learn More and Find Support Looking for more ways to support your children? The National Stuttering Association (NSA) offers expert-backed resources, family-friendly programs, and a welcoming community of people who understand. Explore parent and sibling support at WeStutter.org/parents and WeStutter.org/families.

Contributor: Kerri Berard, MS, CCC-SLP One of the most frustrating parts of stuttering is that it can feel unpredictable. You may speak freely in one conversation and struggle in the next. You may be able to talk easily with a close friend, then find it harder to say your name, answer a question in class, order food, introduce yourself at work, or speak on the phone. For people who stutter and the people who love them, this can raise a lot of valid questions: Why does stuttering increase or decrease across days? Why does it change depending on the person, place, or situation? Why can someone say a word once, then get stuck on that same word later? The answer is relatively straightforward: Stuttering isn’t a fixed or universal experience. It changes because communication is influenced by many factors, including the body, brain, emotions, the environment, pressure, fatigue, and a person's state of mind at that moment. And none of that means a person who stutters is doing anything wrong. Read: What Is Stuttering? Read: Causes of Stuttering Why does stuttering change day-to-day? Some days, speech may come easier. On other days, words may take more time. A person might stutter more when they are excited, nervous, rushed, interrupted, or trying to say something important. They may also stutter more in situations where they feel watched, judged, or under pressure to speak quickly. This variability is one of the reasons stuttering can be so misunderstood. When someone has a fluent moment, others may assume they can control their stutter. When they stutter more, people may assume something is wrong, that they are anxious, or that they are not trying hard enough. But stuttering isn’t a choice, nor is it something a person can turn on or off. Why do people stutter more in some situations? Many people who stutter find that their speech changes with shifts in pressure. Pressure can look like: Having to speak in front of a group Being asked to introduce yourself Needing to answer quickly Speaking to someone in authority Saying your name Making a phone call Being interrupted Trying not to stutter This doesn’t mean stuttering is caused by nerves or anxiety. It means that speech is complex and pressure can make an already complex situation feel even more so. Read: Facts About Stuttering Read: Myths About Stuttering Can stuttering get worse when someone is tired? Absolutely. In general, talking takes energy. For people who stutter, it can sometimes be more draining, especially when they are having blocks, repetitions, tension, avoidance, or carrying the emotional weight of past negative speaking experiences. Stuttering may increase when someone is: Tired Overwhelmed Sick or ill Stressed Hungry Overstimulated Mentally drained A child who stutters may speak more easily in the morning and stutter more after a long school day. An adult may feel more fluent in a relaxed meeting and less so after a demanding week. All of this is completely normal and part of the stuttering experience. Why can someone say a word once but stutter on it later? People often wonder why someone might stutter on their own name or a sentence they have said many times before. But stuttering is about how speech is produced in that moment, not about not knowing what to say. A person often knows exactly what they want to say and can still have difficulty getting the word(s) out. That can be frustrating, especially when the word is familiar or important. This is why comments like “just slow down,” “take a breath,” or “you said it fine earlier” are generally unhelpful. Check this out: Free Printable Brochures & Resources About Stuttering Read: Simple, Supportive Ways to Talk to Children About Stuttering What should I do when someone is stuttering? The way people respond to stuttering can affect how safe a speaking situation feels. A patient, accepting listener can make communication feel easier. A listener who interrupts, finishes sentences, looks uncomfortable, or gives unwanted advice can make a person feel more pressure. That pressure doesn’t necessarily cause stuttering, but it can make the moment harder to speak openly. There is no one-size-fits-all answer, but here are some supportive ways to respond: Give the person time to finish their own thoughts Keep natural eye contact Don’t finish their sentences (unless they ask you to) Focus on the message, not the speech Avoid telling them to slow down, breathe, or relax Create spaces where stuttering is accepted, not treated as a problem to hide For parents, teachers, friends, coworkers, and family members, understanding the variability of stuttering can help reduce shame and pressure. Instead of asking, “Why are you stuttering so much today?” We suggest asking, “How can I make this conversation easier for you?” For people who stutter, it can also help to connect with others who understand. Community can be life-changing because it reminds people they are not alone, even on the hardest days. At the National Stuttering Association (NSA), we have several ways you can connect with others who understand, such as virtual events, NSA Chapters, and regional and annual conferences, at WeStutter.org. While there is no single stuttering experience, the day-to-day changes in stuttering variability are real and valid. The emotional impact, too. That’s why support is so important. One of the best things listeners can do is give the person time. Listen to what they are saying, not how it sounds or how long it takes them to say it. If you stutter, you are not alone At the NSA, we believe that people who stutter should not have to face these experiences alone. Through community, education, advocacy, and support, we help create spaces where stuttering is understood, accepted, and respected. A person who stutters may sound different from one day to the next, but one truth stays the same: If you stutter, you are not alone. To learn more and to get involved with the NSA, visit WeStutter.org.

Contributor: Lexi Hewitt, Certified School Counselor and PWS Talking to children about stuttering can feel intimidating, especially if you’re unsure how to start the conversation. If you're having trouble beginning discussions about stuttering with younger kids, you’re in luck! The National Stuttering Association (NSA) offers helpful tools to make these potentially difficult talks easier and to create a supportive and inclusive environment, whether your child stutters or just knows someone who does. Keep It Honest & Simple When Talking to Children About Stuttering When talking to kids, keep your explanation clear, easy to understand, and positive. For example: “Stuttering is when someone has trouble speaking smoothly or getting their words out. It might sound like they repeat words, stretch out sounds, or get stuck trying to say something. Some people speak differently, and that’s okay!” This phrasing helps children recognize that stuttering isn’t “wrong” or “bad”; it’s simply a different way of communicating. Kids need to understand that stuttering is normal and that people who stutter are just as intelligent, kind, and unique as anyone else they interact with daily. Use Age-Appropriate Language With Children About Stuttering For younger children and their developmental stage, metaphors work well to explain stuttering: “Words can be like cars in traffic - sometimes they get slowed down for a moment, but they still keep moving!” Older children are capable of understanding more abstract and complex ideas. They can realize that stuttering occurs when the brain and speech muscles are not perfectly synchronized. It is not due to nervousness or a lack of understanding on the part of the person who stutters. Share Real-Life Examples From Children Who Stutter Sharing authentic stories can help children connect and develop empathy for people who stutter. Sisters Who Stutter is a teenage-led organization that hosts monthly Zoom meetings for girls who stutter, where they can come together and share their experiences. Watch as members of Sisters Who Stutter discuss their journeys of growing up with a stutter in this video. Hearing personal stories from people who stutter demonstrates to children, regardless of whether they stutter, that these individuals are resilient and brave for sharing their experiences. Encourage Empathy & Respect We can teach children how to respond when someone is stuttering, while demonstrating kindness and understanding: Avoid asking why someone stutters or talks the way they do Listen without interrupting Avoid finishing the sentence for them Show interest in what the person is saying by nodding your head and making eye contact during conversations (also known as active listening) During the conversation, you might say things like “We all want to be heard” or emphasize that “The best response when someone is speaking is to be respectful, kind, and attentive by listening, regardless of whether they stutter or not.” Normalize Stuttering as Part of Human Diversity Stuttering is just one of the many ways people are unique. Let your child know: “Just like some people have curly hair or wear glasses, some people have different ways of talking. That’s what makes the world interesting!” You can point out that many famous people who stutter, such as rapper Kendrick Lamar, author Lewis Carroll, and film director Ari Aster. Their stuttering didn’t stop them from sharing their voices with the world. Be Ready to Answer Questions Honestly Kids are naturally curious! If they ask, “Why do some people stutter?” you can say: “Scientists think stuttering happens because of how their brains work, and how they struggle to connect to the speaking parts of their bodies. It’s not because someone is scared or doesn’t know what to say. And it’s definitely not anyone’s fault!” If you don’t know the answer, that’s okay! You can open the dialogue by saying: “I’m not sure, but let’s learn and look it up together.” Share Stories From the Stuttering Community For example, consider how Codi Lamb, founder of Melanin Stutter Queens, talks about stuttering with her young niece: “I wanted her to know that stuttering doesn’t make me any less smart or capable. It’s just part of who I am. When I explained it like that, she got it right away—and she’s been one of my biggest supporters ever since.” Hearing voices like this helps kids see that stuttering is just one part of a person’s story. Find Books & Videos to Share Children’s books like “I Talk Like a River” by Jordan Scott, a poet and children's author who stutters, and “Zoya the Stuttering Star” by Sathvega Somasundaram, a high school student who stutters, depict stuttering in a positive, empowering light. Watching videos of kids and adults who stutter can also help normalize the experience and promote understanding and inclusion. For example, the inclusive YouTube series “Special Books by Special Kids” featured Mollie Davis this year, who is currently studying to become a lawyer and openly stutters. Keep the Conversation Open Let your child know it’s okay to keep asking questions and to talk about stuttering whenever they want: “It’s okay if you don't know the exact words or actions to take when someone stutters. What truly matters is listening to their message and showing them kindness and respect.” Why These Conversations Matter When we talk openly about stuttering, we show kids that everyone’s voice matters - no matter how it sounds. We teach them that respect and empathy are more important than fluency. And we create communities where people who stutter can feel accepted, supported, and heard. Whether your child stutters or is learning how to support a friend or family member who does, these conversations help shape a more inclusive, understanding world. Want to Learn More? Visit the National Stuttering Association’s resources for families and educators at WeStutter.org.

For children who stutter, school is a place of connection and learning—but it can also be a source of stress. Teasing and bullying from peers about how they speak can deeply impact self-esteem, confidence, and willingness to communicate. It is a fear many caregivers share and one that deserves proactive solutions. “Teasing/bullying has been a mommy fear of mine from the beginning. One time, our son came home and told us that he was teased on the bus after school. We have always told him that if there was any issue on the bus or at school, he should find a trusted adult. He tried to handle things himself, so along with his private SLP, we started self-advocacy. As a parent not with him 24/7, it hurts my heart to think about him in these positions. We have really tried to help him realize we can't control others, but we can control how we respond.” — Melinda Eairheart, mom of a 12-year-old who stutters The good news is that you are not powerless. With the right tools and support, you can help your child feel safe, build resilience, and ensure that their voice is not silenced by fear. This guide walks you through what to watch for, what to say, and how to work with schools to enact meaningful change. Recognizing the Signs of Teasing and Bullying Children do not always tell their caretakers when something is wrong. Many kids who stutter may try to hide how often they are teased—or feel that nothing can be done. That is why it is important to watch for signs, both subtle and direct. Red flags may include: Reluctance to go to school or participate in class Changes in mood, sleep, or appetite Avoidance of speaking situations, even at home Negative self-talk like “I hate my voice” or “No one listens to me” An increase in stuttering severity or signs of tension while speaking While these behaviors may have many causes, they are definitely worth exploring gently with your child. Ask open-ended questions like, “How do you feel about talking in class?” or “Has anyone ever made you feel bad about how you talk?” Coaching Confident Responses at Home You can’t control what others do or say, but you can prepare your child to respond in ways that advocate for themselves while protecting their self-worth and confidence. Responses don’t have to be perfect. They just need to help your child feel in control and supported. “As a person who stutters, my son Colton has watched me stutter throughout his life. My confidence with speaking, stuttering, and acceptance has helped him be confident and have acceptance as well. Our entire family is patient with Colton and me when we speak and it has created a welcoming, normal, accepting environment across all settings. Also, Colton created a stuttering presentation with the assistance of his SLP starting in kindergarten that he would share each year with his teacher and classmates. This opportunity to educate others about stuttering has created a supportive and accepting environment throughout his time in school. The presentation provided info about stuttering and ways to help someone who stutters.” — Holly Nover, person who stutters and mom of a 14-year-old who stutters Here are some ideas to explore together: “Yeah, I stutter. I am still talking—please let me finish.” “I just talk differently. That’s okay.” “You don’t need to fix or help me. I’m just fine the way I talk.” Role-playing these moments at home can be helpful. Practice different scenarios together. Encourage your child to use their voice, pause when they need to, and know they can always come to you. Also remind them that it’s okay to walk away, ignore rude comments, or get help from an adult. “In elementary grades, his SLP had him make a "This is Me" slideshow in August to send all of his teachers, explaining facts about himself, including information about his stutter and how teachers can support him. He has continued through seventh grade! Partner with NSA, use their online resources, find a Local Chapter (or online version), and embrace your child and their speech journey together! Finally, find someone who also stutters that your child can relate to. My son/family came together to watch Mitch Guerra on Survivor and I think it was great for him to see a person who stutters represented!” — Melinda Eairheart Building a Safe and Supportive School Environment Your child’s school should be a place where they feel safe, respected, and included. If bullying is happening—or even if you suspect it might—it is important to engage with teachers, counselors, and administrators proactively. Here is how you can start: 1. Schedule a meeting. Talk directly with your child’s teacher or school counselor. Share your observations and ask if they have noticed any behavioral changes. “I've emailed teachers asking to keep an ear out and let me know. This last year, I guess a group of middle school boys said something about his stutter. Sadly, he just doesn't speak around them in that class. He stutters freely at home. He stutters around those he knows are okay with his stutter. He says when he's around those whom he doesn't feel comfortable, he either uses strategies or refrains from speaking.” — Melinda Eairheart 2. Educate about stuttering. Many educators are not familiar with the emotional impact of stuttering. Provide resources (like those from the National Stuttering Association [NSA]) that explain what stuttering is and how to support students who stutter. 3. Request a classroom-wide approach. Work with the school to ensure that kindness, empathy, and inclusion are modeled for all students. Anti-bullying messages should not single out your child, but promote respect for everyone. 4. Know your rights. If teasing or bullying continues, or if your child’s speech is affecting their academic experience, you may be entitled to accommodations or support through an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) or 504 Plan. The NSA offers tools to help caregivers advocate within the education system and guide these conversations effectively. Supporting Your Child Emotionally Even with strong advocacy, teasing still hurts. Your child may feel embarrassed, ashamed, or want to avoid speaking altogether. This is where your consistent support makes the greatest difference. Try the following: Reassure your child that stuttering is not their fault and that they are not alone Celebrate their bravery, not their fluency Talk openly about feelings and encourage emotional expression Normalize asking for help and practicing self-care Let your child know that being teased says more about the other person than it does about them. Their voice is not broken and it does not need to be hidden. Connecting With Other Families and PWS One of the most powerful antidotes to bullying is connection. When children who stutter meet others like them, they often feel more confident and less alone. NSA Family Chapters, virtual events, and youth programs create safe spaces for children and caregivers to find community and share experiences. These connections help children reclaim their voice—not just in school, but everywhere. “Attending NSA Conferences with Colton has given him the opportunity to meet and speak with other people who stutter. Support your child by asking what you can do to help them advocate and what they want you to do when they stutter.” — Holly Nover Stuttering should never be a reason for a child to feel excluded, unsafe, or afraid to speak. As a parent, you are your child’s strongest advocate. By recognizing the signs of teasing, preparing them with confident language, and partnering with schools, you are helping build a world that hears and respects every voice. The NSA is here to support you with resources, education, and a community that understands. “Attending the NSA Conferences has greatly helped my understanding of the brain and speech science and overall support for people who stutter. Six years ago, the goal was correction and now the goal is supporting him to raise his confidence for all of life's next steps. COME TO THE NSA CONFERENCE! Our whole family was able to attend the last two years and we have all got so much out of the experience. Our son has loved getting to know his group of friends.” — Melinda Eairheart Learn More and Get Involved Explore more tools for caregivers at WeStutter.org/parents. Connect with others through Family Chapters and virtual meetups at WeStutter.org/families Find an NSA Chapter today at WeStutter.org/join-a-chapter.

Written in collaboration with Wendy Dietz, M.S., CCC-SLP If your child stutters, finding the right speech therapist can feel overwhelming. There are various treatment approaches, ranging from affirming and evidence-based to misinformed and flat-out harmful. Clinicians come with a variety of backgrounds and experience levels. What matters most is that your child feels heard, safe, and supported—and that the clinician you choose aligns with your child’s needs and your family’s values. This guide walks you through what to look for, what to ask, and three common therapy options to help you make the most informed decision for your child. Why Specialized Experience Matters in Speech Therapy Not all speech-language pathologists (SLPs) have in-depth experience with stuttering. Stuttering is a neurophysiological difference with a genetic predisposition that requires an individualized, evidence-based approach. A generalist SLP may have an excellent understanding of speech sound and language disorders, but may not have the specific tools or mindset needed to support your child effectively. In fact, some SLPs are significantly less comfortable discussing a diagnosis of stuttering than other communication disorders. For meaningful therapy outcomes, it’s important to connect with an affirming SLP who has experience in stuttering. To help identify which SLPs fit this criteria, start by asking: “What experience do you have working with children who stutter?” “What is your approach to stuttering therapy?” “How will you measure my child’s progress?” (Please note that frequency of stuttering is not a meaningful measure of progress as stuttering frequency can vary significantly based on a variety of factors.) “How do you address underlying emotions and attitudes related to stuttering?” “Do you believe people who stutter can be good communicators? If so, how?” (Please note that “good communication” should not require or include fluency). A therapist who is a good fit will welcome these questions and be transparent about their background. Understand the Different Types of Stuttering Therapy There are several research-backed approaches to stuttering therapy. Each has its own goals, techniques, and ideal age range. Understanding these can help you choose a therapist who aligns with your child’s personality and stage of development. RESTART-DCM (Demands and Capacities Model) Best suited for preschoolers, RESTART-DCM is a two-phase approach that focuses on reducing environmental and internal demands on the child’s communication. Traditionally, the goal of this approach has been to reduce stuttering frequency indirectly. Therefore, it is advised that parents be skeptical of this approach when looking for an affirming stuttering therapist. However, a modified version of this approach could be considered to help children express themselves with the greatest possible mental and emotional ease, regardless of whether they stutter. The goal of Phase 1 is to create a relaxed, supportive environment that allows natural communication to emerge. It is recommended that Phase 2 of this approach (which traditionally focuses on strategies to reduce stuttering) be modified to emphasize developing a calm, relaxed attitude towards speaking/stuttering, without the intention of reducing stuttering. Ask: “Do you offer parent training to support the RESTART approach at home?” “How do you tailor this model to my child’s daily life?” “How do you modify this approach to support and affirm my child’s natural way of speaking (stuttering)?” “How will you ensure that your therapy does not directly or indirectly send the message that fluent speech is superior to stuttered speech?” CARE Model Developed from over 20 years of ongoing research at the Blank Center for Stuttering Education and Research, this approach is highly effective in improving quality of life outcomes for individuals who stutter. Designed for children, teens, and adults, the CARE Model is an education- and empowerment-based approach that focuses on reducing the burden of stuttering rather than eliminating stuttering itself. It emphasizes four pillars, communication, advocacy, resiliency, and education, to help individuals who stutter speak confidently and effectively in real-life situations. Therapy involves participation in experiential activities, group interaction, and skill-building to support long-term communication effectiveness and self-advocacy. Ask: “Are you formally trained in the Blank Center’s CARE Model?” “How do you measure or define effective communication?” Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) CBT is often used with older children and teens who experience anxiety or negative thoughts about stuttering. It helps them reframe unhelpful thinking patterns and reduce fear in communication situations. Ask: “How do you integrate CBT into speech therapy?” “Is your therapy focused only on fluency, or also on building confidence?” “What is more important: fluency or communication confidence?” “How do you involve parents in the therapy process?” “How do you stay involved with the stuttering community?” The goal is not “smoother speech,” but a happier, more confident child who can participate freely in a variety of communication contexts, regardless of the presence or absence of stuttering. Look for a Connection Credentials are important, but your child should feel comfortable with their therapist. Therapy is most effective when it happens in a space of trust and respect. You can ask: “Can we do a trial session to see how my child responds?” “How do you build rapport with children, especially those who may feel shy or frustrated?” Pay attention to how your child reacts. If they leave a session feeling encouraged, hopeful, or even just more relaxed, you are likely on the right path. Consider a Holistic Approach The best therapy includes emotional support, peer connection, and real-world communication tools. Ask whether the therapist: Incorporates talking about emotions and self-esteem Encourages your child to advocate for themselves at school or socially Supports participation in stuttering community programs, like NSA Chapters Therapists who see your child as a whole person—not just a speech pattern—will help them thrive both inside and outside the therapy room. Know When to Reassess It is okay to change therapists if something is not working. Stuttering therapy is often long-term, and the therapeutic relationship should feel right for both you and your child. If progress feels stalled or your child is dreading sessions, it may be time to revisit your options. You are your child’s advocate. Trust your instincts. Choosing a speech therapist for a child who stutters is about finding a partner in your child’s journey. The right SLP will offer tools, encouragement, and perspective that help your child grow as a communicator and a person. An SLP who is well-versed in stuttering should help your child understand over time that the way they speak is natural and valid, regardless of the presence or absence of disfluencies. The National Stuttering Association (NSA) offers a nationwide directory of professionals, plus family support and education to guide you every step of the way. Find a Speech Therapist and Explore Resources Visit WeStutter.org/parents to explore family resources and access the NSA’s network of stuttering-informed professionals. Additionally, consider checking out the Spero Stuttering’s Ally of Stuttering® directory for clinicians committed to ongoing training in the area of stuttering.

If you are a parent of a child who stutters, there may be a few heavy questions you have asked yourself, like: “Did I cause this? Could I have done something to prevent this? What did I do wrong?” It’s so easy to play the blame game. These are some of the most common and emotionally difficult questions we hear from parents of children who stutter. They often come from a place of concern and a deep desire to protect them from anything that may cause them emotional harm. “When we noticed my son, Evan (three years old at the time), stuttering, I immediately went into fix-it mode. I researched, read books, and sought out speech therapists who could help. Once things had settled in, I was sad, fearful, and overwhelmed with the idea that this could be a lifelong condition. I remember thinking, ‘How will people treat him? Can he get a job? Will he get married?’” — Kelly Kaczmarski, a parent of a 17-year-old boy who stutters We want to begin with a clear and compassionate answer: you did not cause your child’s stutter and you are not to blame. Parenting does not cause stuttering. In fact, your role as a supportive and informed parent can make all the difference in how your child experiences communication and builds confidence! This blog post will explore stuttering, explain why parent guilt is common but unnecessary, and offer strategies for helping your child thrive. Most importantly, it will help you shift from helplessness and blame to “How can I best support my child now?” What Causes Stuttering? Stuttering is neurodevelopmental in nature. It is not caused by parenting or anything a child or parent has done. Research shows that stuttering is linked to differences in how the brain processes speech and language. Here is what we currently know: Stuttering tends to run in families. Brain imaging has shown differences in the timing and coordination of speech-related brain regions in people who stutter. Stuttering typically emerges between the ages of 2 and 6, a period of rapid language development. Although a stutter may begin during a time of stress or transition, that does not mean stress caused it. Just because two things happen around the same time does not mean one caused the other! If your child began stuttering after a move, during a family change, or at a time when they were especially emotional, this may have made the stutter more noticeable (which is very normal), but it did not cause it. You did not cause it. Why Guilt Happens Even with this understanding, many parents still experience some sort of guilt. That feeling is valid. Parenting is one of the most challenging jobs in the world. When something feels hard for your child, asking yourself what you could have done differently is natural. Guilt is a fickle thing that often shows up in small moments: replaying conversations and what you said, wondering if you corrected too much, or feeling unsure if you responded the right way. However, it’s important to realize that it can quickly become a burden that prevents you from fully supporting your child in the present. “I think mom guilt is real. Many of us feel guilty for many things. So, yes, I did feel guilty for a bit of time. The more I learned about stuttering and surrounded myself with stuttering supporters, the more I was able to slowly let go of guilt and focus on giving Evan the tools he needed. When you meet others who stutter, or parents of kids who stutter, you realize you are in this together and it just turns into advocacy and support. Guilt doesn’t make it go away, but advocating and educating others can make the world a bit kinder for those who stutter.” — Kelly Kaczmarski Letting go of guilt ≠ letting go of responsibility. It’s freeing yourself from blame so you can focus on caring for your child in the way they need it. The Importance of a Parent’s Response You cannot control whether and how your child stutters, but you can help shape their feelings about it. Your attitude toward stuttering plays a key role in how your child sees themselves and their voice. Children who stutter thrive in environments that are supportive (where they feel listened to and not rushed), affirming (where stuttering is acknowledged and talked about without shame), and calm (where communication is not pressured and active listening is practiced). You can support your child by giving them space to finish their thoughts and showing them that their words are valuable. Here are a few simple things you can say: “I value what you have to say.” “You can do anything you set your mind to.” “You can take all the time you need to say what you want to say.” “Your voice matters.” These messages, with consistency and warmth, help build resilience and self-acceptance in your child who stutters. “I think what we do to help Evan feel confident is just let him speak. No matter how long it takes and no matter where we are. The hardest places are when we are with people he doesn’t know, like ordering in a restaurant or interacting with new people. They get restless or uncomfortable. I continue to smile and make eye contact with Evan so that he knows we will wait, so the world can wait. Hopefully, the new person sees that I am not worried and will be patient. We live in a fast-paced world. I hope that slowing down and patiently waiting shows him we have confidence in him, too. As the NSA teaches the world, what he has to say is worth waiting for!” — Kelly Kaczmarski What You Can Do If you are unsure how to support your child, you definitely are not alone! Many parents feel the same. The good news is that your presence and intention matter more than you might think. Here are a few supportive steps you can take: Learn more about stuttering from trusted resources, like the National Stuttering Association (NSA). Connect with other parents who are navigating the same questions. Partner with a speech-language pathologist (SLP) who is knowledgeable and affirming of stuttering. Every SLP practices differently and it’s extremely important to find one who specializes in stuttering and affirms the stuttering experience. Focus on building your child’s communication confidence rather than fluency. When you let go of guilt, you create more space for meaningful conversations, emotional safety, and a stronger bond with your child. Your child does not need a perfect parent. They need a parent who believes in them and celebrates their voice. “We tell our son to let his voice take up space and he deserves respect when speaking like others. It is okay to stutter and verbal diversity is everywhere! Going to his first NSA conference in July was amazing for him; he was with other kids who stutter and he can’t wait to see them all again in Scottsdale!” — Julie Peles, a parent of a 10-year-old boy who stutters “Finding the NSA, my world was rocked (in a good way!). I realized not only would he do the things I feared he couldn’t, but he could also be a fierce advocate for himself and others with the NSA behind him.” — Kelly Kaczmarski You do not need to have all the answers right now. Those will come with time. You only need to create space for your child to be heard and to feel safe speaking. If You Made Mistakes, You Are Still a Good Parent Many parents look back and remember moments when they interrupted, corrected, or unknowingly pressured their child to speak more fluently. This is common. It is also okay. We unfortunately live in a very fast-paced, fluent-focused world where harmful misconceptions about stuttering still run rampant in TV shows, movies, and media. You are only human, and you are learning—we all are. What matters now is how you choose to move forward with more knowledge, compassion, and confidence in your ability to support your child without shame. “My daughter began stuttering at age three after a speech delay, so at first, we weren’t worried; she was simply finding her voice. By age five, though, it was clear her stutter was here to stay. With no family history and little knowledge of stuttering, my husband and I were determined to fix it. Years of unsuccessful speech therapy and then connecting with the NSA shifted our perspective. As her mom, I've struggled over the years with how hard I pushed speech therapy when she was younger. I just wanted what I thought was best for her. After connecting with the NSA and meeting other parents who really understood, I worked hard to forgive myself for what I didn't know. Parents need support, too!” — Denise Deitchman, a parent of a 17-year-old girl who stutters You Are Already the Parent They Need The fact that you are here, reading this blog, means you care deeply. That care is the foundation of everything that follows. You did not cause your child’s stutter. But you can absolutely be part of their strength. “At almost 18, my daughter has become her own strongest advocate. Each year, she emails her teachers before school begins with information about stuttering and how they can support her. While she has accommodations for oral presentations, she rarely uses them anymore. She speaks up for herself in class and in any situation where it’s needed. Though tough days still happen, I always remind her how far she’s come.” — Denise Deitchman The NSA is here for you. We offer resources, events, support groups, and a growing network of families just like yours. Visit WeStutter.org/parents to learn more.

DM Forker Meet DM Forker: He’s 52 years old, a criminal investigator, an author, and a person who stutters. He has stuttered his entire life. He has an identical twin, who does not stutter. His grandfather, whom he never met, had a stutter, and so does his eldest daughter. In March 2025, he self-published a book, “WAR for WORDS.” This book is his life story and provides insight into his stuttering journey. He wanted someone who does not stutter to feel the anguish and struggle accompanying his speech. He also wanted to emphasize within the book that you can accomplish any of your life goals, even with the challenges that can come with having a stutter. The National Stuttering Association (NSA) emailed DM a few questions. His responses have been lightly trimmed and edited for brevity and grammatical purposes. NSA: You mentioned wanting fluent readers to feel the anguish and struggle through your book. Was it tough to be that raw and vulnerable on the page? What surprised you most in the writing process? Forker: I left the book completely raw, open, and honest. It wasn’t difficult. It was almost therapeutic. Using my written words to tell the story of my spoken words was a good release for me. Spilling my emotions onto the page felt like taking stones out of my backpack and throwing them into a lake, lessening the load I have carried for so long on my life journey. In its infancy, the book was only to be read by my wife, children, and grandchildren, to show them they can become what they want to be in this life, and not let situations or people hold them back. So when I decided to release my written project for all the world to read, I was nervous. The questions that stirred in my gray matter were, “What will people think? How will my friends and coworkers react to me after reading a book with so much raw emotion and my personal story?” The response, for the most part, has been positive, which is what I choose to focus on. As in most things, some negatives will arise, but you deal with them and push forward. I focus on the positive because my sole purpose for releasing my life story for the masses to read is to help others. If I could make a full-time career out of helping others with speech differences, I would do that. I have a heart for it. I am a big believer that if you can help others, you not only enrich their life but also your own life as well. I wanted to show people that if you keep pushing forward even in tough situations, you can accomplish more than letting your situation rule over you. Spilling my emotions onto the page felt like taking stones out of my backpack and throwing them into a lake, lessening the load I have carried for so long on my life journey. - DM Forker This book has taken me 15 years to complete. Looking back, I’m happy it took me 15 years to write. It helped me change my outlook and have more life experiences with my speech, so that I can share more. During the process, I noticed that I write more eloquently than I speak; I can express myself more vividly on the page than in person, and I actually like that fact. I think that’s why I love and enjoy the power of the written word. NSA: You mentioned your grandfather stuttered and your daughter does too, but fascinatingly, your twin brother doesn’t. How has stuttering shaped your family conversations across generations, and what has this taught you? Forker: My grandfather, whom I never met, stuttered. I was told he was a hard man, a hard worker, a fighter, and never backed down. I believe some of his traits, like stuttering, toughness, and resilience, were passed down to me. My stuttering is generational: my grandfather stuttered, I stutter, and my oldest daughter stutters. We grew up in the late 70s and 80s. As a kid who stuttered back then, not much help was offered. My parents are good people, let’s get that right. They also came from a hard generation. You work hard and don’t talk about your problems, so my stuttering was never discussed. It was the generation that if you don’t talk about it, it doesn’t exist, and it might go away. My stuttering never went away. I was left to deal with a speech difference I couldn’t understand. Why was I the only kid who couldn’t speak “correctly”? Why was I getting laughed at and mocked daily? As a child, how do you deal with that alone? That brought me into a world of isolation and struggle at a young age that would become my constant companions for my entire life. I had to advocate for myself and navigate the waves of emotional self-loathing that accompanied my journey. Being alone and searching for help would make up my entire childhood. Fast forward to when I became a father. Anyone who knows me knows my family is my priority! So when my oldest daughter showed signs of developing a stutter, it broke my heart. I knew the pain, sorrow, and loneliness I went through because of my struggle to speak. I was going to do everything in my power to keep that from happening to my daughter. We decided to homeschool her. My school years were a torturous hell for me. The mocking and being laughed at daily is very hard for a child to overcome when it’s a daily routine. We also had frequent stuttering conversations at home. I ensured her feelings, emotions, and questions were heard and addressed. We would practice speaking techniques and how to handle situations that might arise. She entered the public school at the junior high level. She thrived, graduated high school with honors, was homecoming queen, graduated college with honors, and is now a terrific mother herself. I am beyond proud of her and my other daughter as well. I believe the environment you grow up in plays a role in how you can adapt and overcome the challenges of having a speech difference. Don’t pretend it doesn’t exist; talk about it, be supportive, and advocate for your children. Support goes a long way in helping that child to be successful in life. NSA: Can you tell us what you do for a career, what your day-to-day duties are, and how you navigate the workplace and interact with coworkers as someone who stutters? Forker: I am currently an investigator for a sheriff’s office. I wanted to be a law enforcement officer as a child. Our family had a couple of law enforcement officers, and it seemed very interesting from a young age. But at a young age and struggling with my speech, I never really knew if this would be possible. As I grew older, I heard some individuals say that becoming a law enforcement officer with a stutter would never be possible. That advice proved to be untrue. It was definitely a challenge to get my current position, and it felt like climbing a mountain. Rocky, with some trails leading nowhere, only to find another trail to go down. I went on countless interviews and did numerous physical, mental, and intellectual tests over the span of years. I was rejected many times, all relating to my speech. I was a good candidate in all aspects, except… my speech was a “problem.” Law enforcement interviews are typically in front of a board, made up of several uniformed officers and administration. I actually spoke with some officers who were on some of those boards years after the interview. They told me I was their choice but were outvoted, mostly by the administration, which saw my stuttering as a liability. I was eventually hired at my current agency as a deputy. I had to go through an 8-week probationary period with my field training officer (FTO). That entailed riding along with my FTO and learning how the job was done. After several weeks of just watching, I was in the driver's seat and actually doing the job under watchful eyes. To say it was overwhelming is an understatement. The information you must know as an officer is immense. The radio is our lifeline to let other officers know what is happening and where. It is our communication system. Using a code, we communicate with other officers and our dispatcher, who usually directs us where to go and the details of the situation as best they know. Using the radio was difficult for me. Speaking on demand under stress is not easy. My FTO would do an evaluation after every shift. This carried on for 8 weeks. Each evaluation was positive and the only criticism was to use the radio more and get more comfortable with using it. I graduated from FTO after 8 weeks and was sent to the 16-week intensive training academy. In the academy, you take weekly tests covering the law and procedures. You take a total of over 20 tests while at the academy. If you fail a test, you get one retake. If you fail again, you are kicked out. That alone is stressful. At that point, you are sent back to your agency and, most of the time, you are fired and have no job. That wasn’t an option for me. Through the academy, you also have physical testing and standards to maintain. The first day, you are split into groups and assigned a head duty officer. These officers are instructors. We were to report any issues to them and they were to take it up the chain of command if necessary. I told my head duty officer about my stutter. They thanked me for telling them and told me to do my best. I graduated in the top 10 of my class and became a deputy. After graduation, I was told my FTO, who quit before I graduated, was telling others that I would never make it and that the academy would “eat me alive.” This is why I say don’t let anyone tell you what you can and cannot do. He didn’t believe in me—I didn’t need him to. I have found that people who stutter are resilient. We have had to fight through things. That’s our journey, and we will and do find ways to overcome. As a deputy, my daily routine was making traffic stops for speeding, driving under the influence, crossing over the center line, etc. I also took reports of theft, vandalism, and vehicle accidents. I then received an unsolicited promotion to investigator. Being an investigator is a lot more involved. I interview individuals and investigate all aspects of crimes. I have investigated deaths, sexual assaults, burglaries, assaults, fraud, child abuse, and drugs, to name a few. I also testify in court. I write detailed reports, subpoenas, and search warrants. I have led search warrants on homes and businesses. Search warrant execution, when you knock in doors and search for individuals and evidence, is probably the most exciting part of the job. That and high-speed pursuits. But most of the job is interacting with people and mountains of paperwork. They say law enforcement is a stressful career, and it is for sure. I have seen more than most people will ever see in two lifetimes. I often quote the line from the movie A League of Their Own, “I’ve seen enough to know I’ve seen too much.” How do I navigate all my career has to throw at me with my stuttering? Well, I wish I could say it’s all fluency all the time. That would be a bold-faced lie. I still have moderate to slightly severe stuttering at times. During interviews, I stutter. I never disclose it upfront. It happens and I carry on like it never happened. I have never been questioned about my stuttering. Some individuals I speak with see it as a weakness they can use. They think because I stutter I’m not smart. Not true! My stuttering can be used as an asset. But most of all, I am empathetic and respectful to all. Stuttering has taught me that the world has enough jerks; I don’t need to be one. Several individuals shake my hand and even hug me before I close the jail cell on them. They thank me for treating them like a human. I tell them we are all humans. We all make mistakes and I’m no better than anyone just because of a badge I wear. Yes, I do stutter on the job. But no one has ever questioned me about it to my face. My coworkers have all read my book, and I have had an overwhelmingly positive response from them. So keep pushing forward, and don’t put limits on yourself. At 52 years of age, I’m still pushing forward to see what life has next for me. NSA: What are some of the proudest moments in your life that have nothing to do with “perfect speech,” but everything to do with resilience or character? Forker: My proudest moments are how my children grew up to be amazing young women. You always want your children to be more than what you are. They both have gone above and beyond that mark. Being a person who stutters in my younger years, I didn’t know if anyone would even want to date me, let alone marry me. So when a blonde-haired, blue-eyed, cute girl was interested in me, I was beyond amazed. She is such a wonderful queen, mother, and person. She has such a kind soul and bubbly personality. Marrying her and having two beautiful daughters are the proudest moments of my life. Everything else is icing on the cake. NSA: If you were sitting across from someone young who stutters and feels discouraged, what would you tell them to help them carry forward? Forker: If I had the opportunity to speak to the young person who stutters and is discouraged today, I would first say I have truly been there. I know your discouragement, anxiety, and pain. But you are stronger than you think you are. You can overcome and do more than you think you can right now. Never quit trying new things. You may fail; in fact, you will fail at some things. Remember, everyone fails. I have failed so many times. That’s how you learn. Get back up and try again. It will sometimes be difficult, but find someone you can talk to. Express yourself to them. Express your fears, anxiety, and pain to them. Then make a plan of action to move forward and accomplish your goals and dreams. I have been told NO so many times in my life because of my speech. People have told me, “You will never do this or that because of your stutter.” In my head, I always took that as a challenge. It’s not how many times you get knocked down, it’s how many times you get back up. And you get back up every time! Believe in yourself, ask for help, and express yourself, whether in the written word, music, art, or whatever it might be. You have something to say; let the world hear it. Get your words out into the world. You only get one life. Don’t let other people put their expectations on your life. It’s your life; they have their own, so don’t let them tell you what you can’t do. Don’t let them put limitations on you, and don’t put limitations on yourself. Try new things. Just because we speak differently doesn’t mean we can’t impact the world by living up to our full potential. Never stop pushing forward. NSA: You’ve been on this journey with stuttering for decades. If you could hop on a time machine and give your younger self one piece of advice, what would it be? Forker: It would be to accept your stutter as a part of you. Don’t fight against it so hard, but embrace it. When I say don’t fight against it so hard, I don’t mean you can’t try to better your speech, but accept it as a journey. Let it teach you the life lessons it has for you. It will teach you about people, the good and the bad. It will teach you empathy and how to treat others in the right way. It will teach you to be strong and that you can push through hard situations. Embrace it and it will shape you into who you will become. My stuttering can be used as an asset; I am empathetic and respectful to all. Stuttering has taught me that the world has enough jerks; I don't need to be one. Several individuals shake my hand and even hug me before I close the jail cell on them. They thank me for treating them like a human. I tell them, 'we're all human!'" - DM Forker For more information and resources about stuttering, visit the NSA website at WeStutter.org.

Since 1999, the National Stuttering Association (NSA) has proudly supported a growing body of research aimed at understanding, treating, and destigmatizing stuttering. This archive honors all past and present researchers, award recipients, and NSA Research Committee-approved projects that have contributed to our collective knowledge of stuttering. Graduate Student Research Award Recipients $5,000 grant supporting graduate-level research in stuttering. Previously known as the NSA Research Fund Award. Year Recipient(s) Research Title 2025 Amir Hossein Jokar Rasoli How Do Teens Who Stutter Define Stuttering? 2024 Haley Warner, M.S., CCC-SLP How the Perception of the Listener Impacts Stuttering in Early Childhood 2023 Cody Dew, MA, CCC-SLP How People Who Stutter Experience and Navigate Stigma and Discrimination in the U.S. Labor Force: A Phenomenological Analysis 2022 Ryan Millager, MS, CCC-SLP Parent-Oriented Features in Early Childhood Stuttering: A Pilot Study 2021 Xiaofan Lei, MA Stuttering and Emotion in Daily Life 2020 Robyn Croft, MS, CF-SLP; PhD Student & Dr. Courtney Byrd Improving Quality of Life for Adults Who Stutter Through an Online Self-Compassion Intervention: A Pilot Study 2017 Cara M. Singer, M.A., CCC-SLP The Contribution of Cognitive-Emotional and Speech-Language Vulnerabilities to Stuttering Chronicity 2016 Kim Bauerly, PhD, CCC-SLP The Effects of Social Stress on Speech-Motor Control in Adults Who Stutter 2015 Mary Weidner, MS, CCC-SLP Mitigating Non-Stuttering Children’s Attitudes Toward Their Peers Who Stutter 2014 Sujini Ramachandar, MS, CCC-SLP and J. Scott Yaruss, Ph.D, CCC-SLP, BRS-FD, ASHA Fellow Identifying Neuroanatomical Differences in People Who Stutter Using High Definition Fiber Tracking Canadeo Research Award Recipients Award recognizing outstanding contributions to the field of stuttering research. Year Recipient(s) Research Title 2019 Christopher Constantino, Ph.D., CCC-SLP Stuttering Identity’s Contribution to Well-Being Among Adults Who Stutter 2018 Rodney Gabel, Ph.D., CCC-SLP, BCS-F & Michael P. Boyle, Ph.D., CCC-SLP Being Open About Stuttering: What Are the Effects? 2017 Victoria Tumanova, PhD, CCC-SLP Autonomic Nervous System Response to Speech Production in Stuttering and Normally Fluent Preschool-Age Children 2016 Hatun Zengin-Bolatkale, M.A., CCC-SLP 2015 Michael P. Boyle, Ph.D. Reducing the Stigma Associated with Stuttering: A Comparison of Three Strategies for Change 2014 Chagit Edery Clark Linguistic Dissociations, Attention Regulation, and Childhood Stuttering 2013 Emily O’Dell Garnett, M.S., CCC-SLP and Dirk-Bart den Ouden, Ph.D. Effects of Cortical Stimulation on Self-Monitoring Performance in People Who Stutter 2012 Geoff Coalson, MS, CCC-SLP & Courtney Byrd, PhD, CCC-SLP Phonological Syllabification in Adults Who Do and Do Not Stutter CASE Research Grant Recipients $15,000 grant supporting research in Community, Advocacy, Support, and Education (CASE) Year Recipient(s) Research Title 2026 Dr. Hope Gerlach-Houck Developing Community-Informed Supports Following Undesired Listener Reactions in Adults Who Stutter 2025 Dr. Sujini Ramachandar Reading Fluency in Children who Stutter 2024 Dr. David Evans Jenson The Impact of Self-Disclosure on Autonomic Activity in People Who Stutter and Conversational Partners 2023 Dr. Jeanne Nakamura Fluency and Flow Experiences in the Daily Lives of People Who Stutter 2022 Dr. John Tetnowski & Dr. J. Cecil Use of Virtual Reality Simulations to Promote Carry-Over in Older Children and Adolescents Who Stutter 2021 Dr. Nan Ratner Establishing an Evidence-Base for Recommendations to Parents of Young Children Who Stutter